Psychology chapter 5/6 exam prep

Learning

change in behavior due to experience

Classical (or Pavlovian) Conditoning

learning the relationship between environmental events (when the bell rings, dogs salivate)

Operant Conditioning

behavioral conditioning (our own behavior and its consequences)

Ivan Pavloc

physiologists, dog saliva experiments, noticed that dogs learned environmental cues relating to food

Before conditioning, an unconditioned stimulus equals in a

unconditioned response

During conditioning, a neutral stimulus plus an unconditioned stimulus equals in a

unconditioned response

After conditioning, conditioned stimulus equals in a

conditioned response

You get an ache in your mouth when you hear the drill at the dentists, even before it touches you/you see it, what is the unconditioned stimulus in this example?

Pain from drill

You get an ache in your mouth when you hear the drill at the dentists, even before it touches you/you see it, what is the unconditioned response in this example?

Cringing from pain

You get an ache in your mouth when you hear the drill at the dentists, even before it touches you/you see it, what is the conditioned stimulus in this example?

sound of drill

You get an ache in your mouth when you hear the drill at the dentists, even before it touches you/you see it, what is the conditioned response in this example?

cringing to the sound of drill

Aquisition trial

conditioned stimulus paired with unconditioned stimulus

Novel Stimulus

using a "new" stimulus the organism hasn't seen before

Extinction

the weakening and disappearance of a learned response

Spontaneous recovery

The reappearance of a learned response after its apparent extinction

Generalization of stimulus

responding to similar stimuli (ex. another note on a piano)

Discrimination

learning not to respond to other stimuli (the other note on a piano)

Evaluative conditioning

attempt to manipulate emotions through classical conditioning

What is classical conditioning in Ads?

link the product with something that produces happiness, (ex. a beautiful woman)

What was the little Albert Study?

Part one: 11 month old named Albert put on a table and watson takes a rat and puts it in from of albert, albert doesn’t have a fear of the rat (neutral stimulus)
-Part two: they ring a gong right behind albert whenever he sees the rat, obviously the gong upsets him,now he starts to cry when he sees a rat, or anything related to the rat(generalizations)(ex. fuzzy beard, fluffy coat, cotton balls)

Counterconditioning

pair the conditioning stimulus with something new that produces a totally different response

What is taste aversion?

survival mechanism, if you ate something and got sick, your body will make you think it’s toxic so you don’t eat it again, martin seligman discovered it

Why did John Belucci overdose?

He was unconscious, his gf noticed it was his time to do coke, so she administered his usual dose of coke to him, he overdosed and died, because he was unconscious, his body didn’t have the environment it usually did for doing coke, (like building up tolerance) unusual dose can kill you more likely

Skinner box

small chamber where something can be done, put rats in a box, wait for them to hit a bar for food or an electric shock, control discriminative stimuli

Reinforcement

makes behavior more likely to occur

Punishment

makes behavior less likely to occur

Primary reinforcer

strengthens behavior, satisfies a biological need. (ex. food/sex)

Secondary reinforcer

organism learns that the reinforcer is connected with the primary reinforcer, it gets you the primary reinforcer, ex. money, good grades

Positive Reinforcement

presentation of reinforcing stimulus "positive" means something added to the environment

Negative Reinforcement

removal of unpleasant stimulus

Positive reinforcement causes the conditioned response to

happen more

Negative Reinforcement causes the conditioned response to

happen more

Punishment causes the conditioned response to

happen less

Acquisition

organism acquired behavior followed by reinforcement

Shaping

reinforce successive approximations, ex. training animals

Extinction

disapearance of a learned behavior

classical

when the conditioned stimulus is no longer paired with the unconditioned stimulus

operative

when the behavior occurs but is no longer followed by reinforcement

Extinction Burst

uptick in the behavior that happens right after the behavior is withdrawn

Discriminative stimulus

environmental cues indicating the probable consequence of a behavior

Continuous

every time the behavior happens, the consequence happens

Intermittent(partial)

consequences not every time the behavior occurs

Fixed Ratio

a reinforcer is given for every x number of responses

Ratio

based how many times the behavior occurs

Variable Ratios

reinforcer is given after some variable number of responses, varies

Fixed Interval

specified amount of time

Variable interval

varies along some average, but has a varying time interval

Interval

based on a time interval

What schedule gives the fastest responses?

ratio schedules

What schedule produces a steady reponse?

Variable schedules

What are the traditional thoughts about stimulus and conditioned responses?

any stimulus that the organism can perceive can be a stimulus, and any behavior performable can be conditioned

Biological influences affect on conditioning

can accelerate or hinder conditioning, ex. food aversion, preparedness and phobias, indistinctive drift

Indistinctive drift

being in a certain situation "drifts" us back to perform a behavior

What did Edward Tolman discover about learning?

learning doesn't require reinforcements

What did Albert Bandura theorize about observational conditioning?

conditioning can be learned by observing models

Vicarious Conditioning

learning through another person

What was the Bobo doll study?

child watched 1 of 4 different videos of adults doing things to the doll
1.You're having too much aggression toward the doll
2.You’re fucking up that doll
3.You're being nice to the doll
4.You shouldn't be nice to the doll
Children then were sent into the room with the doll, ones who watched reinforced aggression were the most violent to the doll, ones who watched the person be praised for being nice, were nice to the doll

conciousness

awareness of your own existence

Circadian Rhythm

every 24/25 hours, sleep wake cycle

What is the Suprachiasmastic nucleus(SCN)

set by natural light (natural pacemaker)

Melatonin

hormones that makes you sleepy

What is the hardest time zone difference to travel? (ex. east to west, west to east?)

west to east

What is an EEG?

electro ensethlagram, measures brain waves

Beta sleep waves

REM, low voltage, high frequency

Alpha sleep waves

drowsy

Theta Sleep waves

stage 1 sleep

Delta

stage N-3 sleep

Stage one sleep

transitional stage, might have hypnic jerks, feel yourself drifting out of conciousness, 1-7 minutes

Hypnic jerks

the falling thing when your about to fall asleep

Stage two sleep

Mixed EEG activity, rapid sleep spindles,10-25 minutes

Stage N-3 sleep

Breathing and slow pulse, hard to rouse, delta waves, deep sleep, time for sleepwalking

Sleep spindles

we don't know what they are, but if you don't have them, you will have some issues

When do we get the most REM sleep?

the second half of the night

When do we get the most deep sleep?

the first half of the night

What do the brainwaves of REM sleep look like?

the brainwaves of an awake person

Paradoxical sleep

a recurring sleep state during which dreaming occurs; a state of rapidly shifting eye movements during sleep

Dreams

mentally practicing things so our brain shuts down muscle movements so we don't do things in real life

Memory consolidation

memories are unstable until they are solidified, thought that a lot of this happens during REM

"Rem Rebound effect"

person will do right into REM sleep if they are deprived, for longer than usual

Dreams as a wish fulfillment

Freud, much of our behavior is controlled by unconscious, dreams express our wishes/fears

Dreams: the problem solving view

Cartwright, we think through major problems in our lives

Dreams: Activation-synthesis Model

Hobson and McCarely, story of dream created to make sense of internal signals, the PONS randomly generate potentials and eventually synapse up to the cortex

Hypnosis

A state of suggestability

Dissociation Theory

split in consciousness, one part responds to the hypnotists suggestions, one is merely a passive observer

Role Playing Theory

Hypnosis might change your motivation

Can hypnosis be helpful in pain?

can help some people, it works on some better than others

Does Hypnosis increase accuracy of memory?

no! and most states prohibit hypnotically-refreshed testimony

Central nervous system and drugs

classification depends on how drugs affect the CNS

Depressants

decrease activity of CNS, ex. sedatives, alcohol

Stimulants

increase activity of CNS, ex. nicotine, caffeine, methamphetamines, cannabis, hallucinogens

All drugs of addiction go through

dopamine, the reward pathway

Sedatives can affect

GABA, slow you down

Encoding step of memory

getting info into memory

Storage step of memory

retaining information over time

Retrieval step of memory

taking info out of storage

Deeper processing equals

better retention

Shallow, structural encoding:

emphasizes on the physical structure of the stimulus, ex. is the word written in capital letters?

Intermediate, phonemic encoding:

emphasizing what a word sounds like, ex. does the word rhyme with weight?

Deep, semantic encoding:

emphasizes the meaning of verbal input

Elaboration

relate what you're trying to learn to things you already know