Psychology chapter 5/6 exam prep

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108 Terms

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Learning
change in behavior due to experience
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Classical (or Pavlovian) Conditoning
learning the relationship between environmental events (when the bell rings, dogs salivate)
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Operant Conditioning
behavioral conditioning (our own behavior and its consequences)
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Ivan Pavloc
physiologists, dog saliva experiments, noticed that dogs learned environmental cues relating to food
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Before conditioning, an unconditioned stimulus equals in a
unconditioned response
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During conditioning, a neutral stimulus plus an unconditioned stimulus equals in a
unconditioned response
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After conditioning, conditioned stimulus equals in a
conditioned response
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You get an ache in your mouth when you hear the drill at the dentists, even before it touches you/you see it, what is the unconditioned stimulus in this example?
Pain from drill
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You get an ache in your mouth when you hear the drill at the dentists, even before it touches you/you see it, what is the unconditioned response in this example?
Cringing from pain
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You get an ache in your mouth when you hear the drill at the dentists, even before it touches you/you see it, what is the conditioned stimulus in this example?
sound of drill
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You get an ache in your mouth when you hear the drill at the dentists, even before it touches you/you see it, what is the conditioned response in this example?
cringing to the sound of drill
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Aquisition trial
conditioned stimulus paired with unconditioned stimulus
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Novel Stimulus
using a "new" stimulus the organism hasn't seen before
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Extinction
the weakening and disappearance of a learned response
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Spontaneous recovery
The reappearance of a learned response after its apparent extinction
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Generalization of stimulus
responding to similar stimuli (ex. another note on a piano)
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Discrimination
learning not to respond to other stimuli (the other note on a piano)
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Evaluative conditioning
attempt to manipulate emotions through classical conditioning
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What is classical conditioning in Ads?
link the product with something that produces happiness, (ex. a beautiful woman)
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What was the little Albert Study?
Part one: 11 month old named Albert put on a table and watson takes a rat and puts it in from of albert, albert doesn’t have a fear of the rat (neutral stimulus)
-Part two: they ring a gong right behind albert whenever he sees the rat, obviously the gong upsets him,now he starts to cry when he sees a rat, or anything related to the rat(generalizations)(ex. fuzzy beard, fluffy coat, cotton balls)
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Counterconditioning
pair the conditioning stimulus with something new that produces a totally different response
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What is taste aversion?
survival mechanism, if you ate something and got sick, your body will make you think it’s toxic so you don’t eat it again, martin seligman discovered it
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Why did John Belucci overdose?
He was unconscious, his gf noticed it was his time to do coke, so she administered his usual dose of coke to him, he overdosed and died, because he was unconscious, his body didn’t have the environment it usually did for doing coke, (like building up tolerance) unusual dose can kill you more likely
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Skinner box
small chamber where something can be done, put rats in a box, wait for them to hit a bar for food or an electric shock, control discriminative stimuli
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Reinforcement
makes behavior more likely to occur
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Punishment
makes behavior less likely to occur
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Primary reinforcer
strengthens behavior, satisfies a biological need. (ex. food/sex)
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Secondary reinforcer
organism learns that the reinforcer is connected with the primary reinforcer, it gets you the primary reinforcer, ex. money, good grades
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Positive Reinforcement
presentation of reinforcing stimulus "positive" means something added to the environment
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Negative Reinforcement
removal of unpleasant stimulus
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Positive reinforcement causes the conditioned response to
happen more
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Negative Reinforcement causes the conditioned response to
happen more
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Punishment causes the conditioned response to
happen less
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Acquisition
organism acquired behavior followed by reinforcement
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Shaping
reinforce successive approximations, ex. training animals
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Extinction
disapearance of a learned behavior
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classical
when the conditioned stimulus is no longer paired with the unconditioned stimulus
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operative
when the behavior occurs but is no longer followed by reinforcement
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Extinction Burst
uptick in the behavior that happens right after the behavior is withdrawn
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Discriminative stimulus
environmental cues indicating the probable consequence of a behavior
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Continuous
every time the behavior happens, the consequence happens
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Intermittent(partial)
consequences not every time the behavior occurs
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Fixed Ratio
a reinforcer is given for every x number of responses
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Ratio
based how many times the behavior occurs
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Variable Ratios
reinforcer is given after some variable number of responses, varies
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Fixed Interval
specified amount of time
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Variable interval
varies along some average, but has a varying time interval
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Interval
based on a time interval
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What schedule gives the fastest responses?
ratio schedules
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What schedule produces a steady reponse?
Variable schedules
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What are the traditional thoughts about stimulus and conditioned responses?
any stimulus that the organism can perceive can be a stimulus, and any behavior performable can be conditioned
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Biological influences affect on conditioning
can accelerate or hinder conditioning, ex. food aversion, preparedness and phobias, indistinctive drift
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Indistinctive drift
being in a certain situation "drifts" us back to perform a behavior
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What did Edward Tolman discover about learning?
learning doesn't require reinforcements
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What did Albert Bandura theorize about observational conditioning?
conditioning can be learned by observing models
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Vicarious Conditioning
learning through another person
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What was the Bobo doll study?
child watched 1 of 4 different videos of adults doing things to the doll
1.You're having too much aggression toward the doll
2.You’re fucking up that doll
3.You're being nice to the doll
4.You shouldn't be nice to the doll
Children then were sent into the room with the doll, ones who watched reinforced aggression were the most violent to the doll, ones who watched the person be praised for being nice, were nice to the doll
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conciousness
awareness of your own existence
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Circadian Rhythm
every 24/25 hours, sleep wake cycle
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What is the Suprachiasmastic nucleus(SCN)
set by natural light (natural pacemaker)
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Melatonin
hormones that makes you sleepy
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What is the hardest time zone difference to travel? (ex. east to west, west to east?)
west to east
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What is an EEG?
electro ensethlagram, measures brain waves
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Beta sleep waves
REM, low voltage, high frequency
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Alpha sleep waves
drowsy
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Theta Sleep waves
stage 1 sleep
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Delta
stage N-3 sleep
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Stage one sleep
transitional stage, might have hypnic jerks, feel yourself drifting out of conciousness, 1-7 minutes
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Hypnic jerks
the falling thing when your about to fall asleep
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Stage two sleep
Mixed EEG activity, rapid sleep spindles,10-25 minutes
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Stage N-3 sleep
Breathing and slow pulse, hard to rouse, delta waves, deep sleep, time for sleepwalking
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Sleep spindles
we don't know what they are, but if you don't have them, you will have some issues
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When do we get the most REM sleep?
the second half of the night
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When do we get the most deep sleep?
the first half of the night
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What do the brainwaves of REM sleep look like?
the brainwaves of an awake person
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Paradoxical sleep
a recurring sleep state during which dreaming occurs; a state of rapidly shifting eye movements during sleep
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Dreams
mentally practicing things so our brain shuts down muscle movements so we don't do things in real life
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Memory consolidation
memories are unstable until they are solidified, thought that a lot of this happens during REM
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"Rem Rebound effect"
person will do right into REM sleep if they are deprived, for longer than usual
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Dreams as a wish fulfillment
Freud, much of our behavior is controlled by unconscious, dreams express our wishes/fears
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Dreams: the problem solving view
Cartwright, we think through major problems in our lives
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Dreams: Activation-synthesis Model
Hobson and McCarely, story of dream created to make sense of internal signals, the PONS randomly generate potentials and eventually synapse up to the cortex
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Hypnosis
A state of suggestability
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Dissociation Theory
split in consciousness, one part responds to the hypnotists suggestions, one is merely a passive observer
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Role Playing Theory
Hypnosis might change your motivation
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Can hypnosis be helpful in pain?
can help some people, it works on some better than others
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Does Hypnosis increase accuracy of memory?
no! and most states prohibit hypnotically-refreshed testimony
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Central nervous system and drugs
classification depends on how drugs affect the CNS
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Depressants
decrease activity of CNS, ex. sedatives, alcohol
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Stimulants
increase activity of CNS, ex. nicotine, caffeine, methamphetamines, cannabis, hallucinogens
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All drugs of addiction go through
dopamine, the reward pathway
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Sedatives can affect
GABA, slow you down
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Encoding step of memory
getting info into memory
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Storage step of memory
retaining information over time
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Retrieval step of memory
taking info out of storage
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Deeper processing equals
better retention
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Shallow, structural encoding:
emphasizes on the physical structure of the stimulus, ex. is the word written in capital letters?
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Intermediate, phonemic encoding:
emphasizing what a word sounds like, ex. does the word rhyme with weight?
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Deep, semantic encoding:
emphasizes the meaning of verbal input
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Elaboration
relate what you're trying to learn to things you already know