Psychology chapter 5/6 exam prep

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108 Terms

Learning

change in behavior due to experience

Classical (or Pavlovian) Conditoning

learning the relationship between environmental events (when the bell rings, dogs salivate)

Operant Conditioning

behavioral conditioning (our own behavior and its consequences)

Ivan Pavloc

physiologists, dog saliva experiments, noticed that dogs learned environmental cues relating to food

Before conditioning, an unconditioned stimulus equals in a

unconditioned response

During conditioning, a neutral stimulus plus an unconditioned stimulus equals in a

unconditioned response

After conditioning, conditioned stimulus equals in a

conditioned response

You get an ache in your mouth when you hear the drill at the dentists, even before it touches you/you see it, what is the unconditioned stimulus in this example?

Pain from drill

You get an ache in your mouth when you hear the drill at the dentists, even before it touches you/you see it, what is the unconditioned response in this example?

Cringing from pain

You get an ache in your mouth when you hear the drill at the dentists, even before it touches you/you see it, what is the conditioned stimulus in this example?

sound of drill

You get an ache in your mouth when you hear the drill at the dentists, even before it touches you/you see it, what is the conditioned response in this example?

cringing to the sound of drill

Aquisition trial

conditioned stimulus paired with unconditioned stimulus

Novel Stimulus

using a "new" stimulus the organism hasn't seen before

Extinction

the weakening and disappearance of a learned response

Spontaneous recovery

The reappearance of a learned response after its apparent extinction

Generalization of stimulus

responding to similar stimuli (ex. another note on a piano)

Discrimination

learning not to respond to other stimuli (the other note on a piano)

Evaluative conditioning

attempt to manipulate emotions through classical conditioning

What is classical conditioning in Ads?

link the product with something that produces happiness, (ex. a beautiful woman)

What was the little Albert Study?

Part one: 11 month old named Albert put on a table and watson takes a rat and puts it in from of albert, albert doesn’t have a fear of the rat (neutral stimulus) -Part two: they ring a gong right behind albert whenever he sees the rat, obviously the gong upsets him,now he starts to cry when he sees a rat, or anything related to the rat(generalizations)(ex. fuzzy beard, fluffy coat, cotton balls)

Counterconditioning

pair the conditioning stimulus with something new that produces a totally different response

What is taste aversion?

survival mechanism, if you ate something and got sick, your body will make you think it’s toxic so you don’t eat it again, martin seligman discovered it

Why did John Belucci overdose?

He was unconscious, his gf noticed it was his time to do coke, so she administered his usual dose of coke to him, he overdosed and died, because he was unconscious, his body didn’t have the environment it usually did for doing coke, (like building up tolerance) unusual dose can kill you more likely

Skinner box

small chamber where something can be done, put rats in a box, wait for them to hit a bar for food or an electric shock, control discriminative stimuli

Reinforcement

makes behavior more likely to occur

Punishment

makes behavior less likely to occur

Primary reinforcer

strengthens behavior, satisfies a biological need. (ex. food/sex)

Secondary reinforcer

organism learns that the reinforcer is connected with the primary reinforcer, it gets you the primary reinforcer, ex. money, good grades

Positive Reinforcement

presentation of reinforcing stimulus "positive" means something added to the environment

Negative Reinforcement

removal of unpleasant stimulus

Positive reinforcement causes the conditioned response to

happen more

Negative Reinforcement causes the conditioned response to

happen more

Punishment causes the conditioned response to

happen less

Acquisition

organism acquired behavior followed by reinforcement

Shaping

reinforce successive approximations, ex. training animals

Extinction

disapearance of a learned behavior

classical

when the conditioned stimulus is no longer paired with the unconditioned stimulus

operative

when the behavior occurs but is no longer followed by reinforcement

Extinction Burst

uptick in the behavior that happens right after the behavior is withdrawn

Discriminative stimulus

environmental cues indicating the probable consequence of a behavior

Continuous

every time the behavior happens, the consequence happens

Intermittent(partial)

consequences not every time the behavior occurs

Fixed Ratio

a reinforcer is given for every x number of responses

Ratio

based how many times the behavior occurs

Variable Ratios

reinforcer is given after some variable number of responses, varies

Fixed Interval

specified amount of time

Variable interval

varies along some average, but has a varying time interval

Interval

based on a time interval

What schedule gives the fastest responses?

ratio schedules