Theories of Acids and Bases

Hydrogen atoms are made of what?

protons and electrons

What forms when Hydrogen Atoms lose an electron?

they form H+, made of a proton

What happens during a reaction for it to be a Bronsted-Lowry Reaction?

proton transfer

1. reactant loses H⁺

2. product gains H⁺

   1. product needs a lone electron pair

How are acids defined in terms of the ions they produce in aqueous solutions?

Acids produce H⁺ ions

How are bases defined in terms of the ions they produce in aqueous solutions?

they produce OH⁻ (hydroxide) ions

What is neutralization in terms of ions?

a reaction where H⁺ ions and OH⁻ ions combine to form water, with the leftover cation and anion forming a salt

What is an acid in terms of H⁺ ions?

• a proton donor

• loses H⁺ ions

What is a base in terms of H⁺ ions?

• a proton acceptors

• gains H⁺ ions

What happens to H⁺ ions in water?

They react with water molecules to form hydronium ions, H₃O⁺_(aq)

What do bases generally contain?

at least one atom with one or more lone pairs

The equation for the neutralization of sulphuric acid, with potassium hydroxide is shown below:

H₂SO_{4 (aq)} + 2 KOH _(aq) → K₂SO_{4 (aq)} + 2 H₂O _(l)

Deduce the Bronsted-Lowry acid and base in the reaction

H₂SO_{4 (aq)} - acid

KOH _(aq) - base

Why are acid-base reactions reversible?

The proton transfer can occur in either direction

How do acid-base pairs differ?

They differ by one proton, with the acid having one more than the base

What is a conjugate acid-base pair?

A conjugate acid-base pair consists of a pair where one species acts as an acid (donates H⁺) and the other as a base (accepts H⁺)

Label the conjugate acid-base pairs in the following reaction: CH3COOH _(aq) + H2O _(aq) H3O+_(aq) + CH3COO-_(aq)