BSC2011L Midterm

______________ are more common.

Bacteria

Bacterial cell walls are made of ______________.

peptidoglycan

Gram negative bacteria have ______ cell walls and _____ outer membrane. They are ___________ to penicillin.

thin; an; resistant

Gram positive bacteria have ______ cell walls and _____ outer membrane. They are ___________ to penicillin.

thick; no; susceptible

__________ are rod shaped.

Bacillus

_________ are sphere shaped.

Cocci

__________ are spiral shaped.

Spirillum

__________ are comma shaped

Vibrio

Cyanobacteria exist in __________.

colonies

Cyanobacteria are surrounded by a ___________

Mucilaginous sheath

Heterocysts are _________.

specialized cells with the ability to fix nitrogen

Akinetes are __________.

thick walled dormant cells specialized for survival

The Gram Stain is a ___________ technique.

differential stain

Gram Stain is dependent on

differences in cell wall composition (thick/thin peptidoglycan cell walls)

Aseptic technique is _________

method designed to prevent contamination from microorganisms in gram staining.

The counterstain in the Gram Stain lab was ________.

safranin

After rinsing the slide in the Gram Stain lab it was placed in a book of ________.

bibulous paper

Gram positive bacteria appears ________ in color.

Purple

Gram negative bacteria appears _______ in color.

pink

The scientific method (steps 1-5)

1. Observe

2. Question

3. Hypothesize

4. Predict

5. Collect Data

6. Reject/Accept Hypothesis

Secondary endosymbiosis occurs when ___________.

A primary endosymbiont is absorbed (not digested) by another eukaryote. (i.e. excavata and green algae)

Excavata can receive nutrition by ________. (3)

1. Phagocytosis

2. Saprophytic

3. Photosynthesis

Saprophytic

absorption of organic nutrients directly from a medium

Phagocytosis

ingestion of particles of food

Euglena are apart of the ___________ supergroup.

Excavata

Euglena have a ___________ and are __________ for motility.

Stigma; flagellated

Stigma is responsible for _________.

detecting light (light sensitive)

Gram staining process (7)

1. Transfer bacterium to slide with inoculating loop (aseptic technique).

2. Heat-fix bacteria

3. Apply crystal violet stain and rinse (will st

4. Apply Gram's iodine (this helps force the crystal violet past the thick cell walls) rinse.

5. Add decolorizer until clear. (gram positive now visible, gram negative clear).

6. Counterstain safranin applied (stains clear gram negative bacterium clear).

7. Place between bibulous paper.

Phylogenetic trees are used for ___________.

viewing hypothesized relationships between species

Divergent evolution is when __________.

Two species of a common ancestor undergo speciation to form two separate species. (defined by inability to produce fertile/viable offspring)

Convergent evolution is when _________.

two monophyletic species evolve similar traits

Archaeplastida are closely related to ___________, and received their plastids through both ________ and ________ endosymbiosis.

Plants; secondary and primary

Chlorophyta are _________.

green algae

Conditions for Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium (5)

1. No mutations

2. Large population

3. No migration

4. No natural selection

5. Random mating

HWE is defined by the equation ________.

p^2 + 2pq + q^2 = 1 and p + q = 1

Chlamydomonas are apart of the _____________ supergroup and are classified as _______________. It produces ____________. They are ______-shaped cells that have ___________, one single large ________, and a ________ that is light-sensitive.

Archaeplastida ; green algae ; isogametes ; egg-shaped ; two flagella ; chloroplast ; stigma

Isogametes are referred to as ______ because they are ________ to one another.

+/- ; identical

Isogametes fuse to produce an extremely resistant _________________.

diploid zygospore

Genetic drift occurs when _______.

chance events cause change in allele frequencies, especially in small populations. (founders effect/bottleneck)

______________ is a parasitic excavate found in _________ contaminated water that causes _________ that is associated with diarrhea, fever, cramps, and vomitting.

Giardia lambia; feces; giardiasis

Protist supergroups (4)

1. Archaeplastida

2. SAR (stramenopiles, alveolata, rhizaria)

3. Excavata

4. Unikonta (amoebozoans)

The super group SAR is composed of _________.

Stramenopiles, Alveolates, Rhizarians

Dinoflagellates are ________ with two _________ and ____________.

Alveolates, perpendicular flagellum, cellulose plates

Cellulose plates are responsible for being the ___________ of the ______________.

armor ; dinoflagellate

Taxis is the ________ exhibited by ________.

directional behavioral response to stimulus ; stentor

Alternation of Generations

Diatoms are apart of the ___________ subgroup of the ___________ supergroup. They have a cell wall made of ________ that allows them to be resistant to ________.

stramenopile ; SAR ; silica ; stress

Amoebazoans are apart of the ___________ supergroup and include many types of ___________.

Unikonta ; slime molds

Amoebazoans attain nutrients through __________ and are motile via _______________ streaming to form __________.

phagocytosis ; cytoplasmic streaming ; psuedopodia

Slime molds produce __________ bodies and ________, very similar to fungi.

fruiting bodies ; spores (also multinucleate)

The _________________ is responsible for water balance maintenance in the amoebas because it collects and expels water.

contractile vacuole

Data suggests that land plants descended from a group of green algae called ________, which are now classified as a group called ___________.

charophyceans ; Steptophyta

The distinguishing synamorphies of Steptophytes are ___________. (3)

1. Plasmodesmata

2. Anisogamous sexual reproduction

3. cytokinesis

The distinguishing synamorphies of land plants are ______________. (5) IMPORTANT

1. Meristems

2. Alternation of generations

3. Maternally dependent embryos

4. Specialized structures for production of reproductive cells

5. Desiccation-resistant structures to protect reproductive cells during dispersal

______________ are regions of continuously growing tissues and cell division.

Meristems

Rhodospirillum are red _________oxygen and transparent _______ oxygen.

without ; with

______________ is a parasitic excavate that causes _________ and occurs in __________. It has an ____________ membrane and appears _______-like in viscous liquids like blood.

Trypanosoma ; sleeping sickness ; blood ; undulating ; eel-like

____________ and _________ are specialized structures for the production of reproductive cells.

Sporangia ; gametangia

______________ are similar to roots, that were adapted to ______________.

Rhizoids ; absorb water and, minerals, and nutrients.

_____________ prevent plant embryos from drying out in terrestrial environments.

Gametangium

A ______________ prevents desiccation but posed the problem of preventing _____________.

waxy cuticle ; gas exchange

The ____________ are _________ solved the gas exchange problem posed by the waxy cuticle.

stomata ; specialized pores

Some land plants developed ______________ to help them transport materials throughout their complex bodies.

Vascular tissue

Most plants have a common reproductive cycle called _______________, which alternates between haploid gametophyte generation and diploid sporophyte generation.

Alternation of generations

The sporophyte generation is _________ and produces ____________ via ________.

diploid ; haploid spores ; meiosis

Spores are produced in the specialized structure called ____________.

sporangium

Spores produce ______________________.

Haploid gametophytes

Haploid gametophytes produce __________________ via ____________.

haploid gametes ; mitosis

Eggs are produced in the _____________.

archegonia

Sperm is produced in the ___________.

antheridia

Egg and sperm fuse to form ____________.

a diploid zygote

Bryophytes are made up of (3)

1. Mosses

2. Hornworts

3. Liverworts

Lycophytes and Pteridophytes are ___________ plants.

seedless vascular

Bryophytes are __________________.

seedless nonvascular

Gymnosperms are ___________.

seeded vascular plants with naked seeds

Angiosperms are ____________ characterized by their ________.

seeded vascular plants ; fruit and flowers

Thallus is the ___________ of ___________.

plant body ; bryophytes

Bryophytes have __________ instead of true roots.

rhizoids

Liverworts produced ___________ via fragmentation or _____________.

asexually ; gemmae cups

Gemmae cups are found on the ____________.

dorsal falli

Pteridophytes and Lycophytes are made up of ____________ (3).

1. Ferns

2. Horsetail Ferns

3. Club mosses

Bryophytes have a dominant ____________ generation.

gametophyte

Vascular plants have _______ leaves, stems, and roots, and can therefore grow ______.

true ; taller

Vascular tissue is composed of _______ and ______.

xylem ; phloem

Nutrients are transported by the ____________ to the ________ from the _______________.

phloem ; rest of the plant ; leaves

Water and minerals are transported from the _______ by the ______ to the ________.

roots ; xylem ; rest of the plant

Xylem are reinforced by ________.

lignin

Ferns have a dominant ______________ generation.

sporophyte

Fern labeled

They have a fiddlehead, frond (leaf), leaflet, rhizome (stem), roots, and sori

____________ are clusters of sporangia on the underside of the fron responsible for releasing ____________.

Sori ; haploid spores

The heart- shaped gameotphyte is called a _______________. It has the ___________ and ______________ which produce egg and sperm.

prothallus ; archegonia ; antheridia

Ferns have ____________ sperm, so they need a ________ source.

flagellated ; water

A ___________ uncurls to display a ____________ (ferns)

fiddlehead ; frond

Horsetail fern

In horsetail ferns, photosynthesis occurs in the __________

stem.

Horsetail ferns and diatoms are similar because they both contain ____________.

silica dioxide

Sporangia of horsetails are grouped together in __________.

strobili

Gymnosperms are dependent on ________ for reproduction.

wind

The development of ___________ and _________ allowed gymnosperms to not rely on __________ like lycocytes/pteridophytes and bryophytes.

pollen grains ; seeds ; water

___________________, or flowering plants, are responsible for the evolution of the ___________.

Angiosperms ; flower