BIOCHEM LAB

Urine

To aid in the diagnosis of diseases

Composition of Urine

95% water, 5% analytes

Organic Components

urea, creatinine, uric acid,

ammonia, undetermined nitrogen, others

Inorganic Components

Cl-, Na+, K+ P, Ca2+, phosphates, sulfates

First Morning

Most concentrated urine

24 Hour

For protein & creatinine

12 Hours

Addis count

Fasting

Diabetic

Refrigeration

Prevents bacterial

growth for at least 24

hours; preserves

organized sediments;

Acidic pH

Amorphous Urates

Basic pH

Amorphous Phospate

Phenol

Does not interfere with

routine tests

Odor

Bacterial

multiplication

or breakdown

of urea to

ammonia

pH

Bacterial

breakdown of

urea to

ammonia/ loss

of CO2

Nitrite

Multiplication

of

nitrate-reducin

g bacteria

Clarity

Bacterial

growth and

precipitation of

amorphous

material

Glucose

Glycolysis and

bacterial use

Ketones

Volatilization

and bacterial

metabolism

Bilirubin

Photooxidation

to biliverdin

-when exposed

to light it will be

decreased

(sensitive to

light)

Urobilinogen

Oxidation to

urobilin

Cells & Casts

Disintegration

in dilute

alkaline urine

Toluene

Does not interfere with

routine tests;

Thymol

Preserves glucose and

sediments well;

Formalin

Excellent sediment

preservative

Sodium Floride

Prevents glycolysis

Boric Acid

Preserves protein and

formed elements wel

Saccamano Fixiative

Preserves cellular

elements

Color

Oxidation or

reduction of

metabolites

Average daily output

1,200-1,500 mL

Polyuria

abnormal increase in urine output (diabetes mellitus, diabetes insipidus)

Oliguria

abnormal decrease in urine output (dehydration, renal insufficiency, poorly compensated heart disease, calculi formation, kidney tumors)

Anuria

total suppression of urine

production (severe acute nephritis, Hg poisoning, obstructive uropathy, kidney failure)

Nocturia

excretion of more than 500 mL urine at

night

Diuresis

transitory increase in urine volume

Straw (colorless)

recent fluid consumption

Pale yellow

dilute random sample

Dark yellow

concentrated random sample

Orange

bilirubin

Green

bacterial infection

Pink

RBCs are present

Red

Hemoglobin

Black

Melanin/ melanogen

Benzidine Test

Used to detect blood

Blood

Transports Oxygen from lungs to tissues,

clears Carbon dioxide, transports macromolecules

and moves waste to the liver and kidneys.

RBC

• Anucleated cells with Hemoglobin

• Appears pink to red

• Measures 6 to 8um

• Hemoglobin

WBC

Protects host from infection and injury

Types of WBC

→ Neutrophils - Bacterial infection

→ Eosinophils - Allergic/parasitic infection

→ Basophils - Hematologic dieases

→ Lymphocytes - Viral infection

→ Monocytes - Immune response

Platelets

• Measures 2 to 4µm

• Appears round, oval and anucleate

• Controls Hemostasis

Hemin Test

Used to detect blood traces

Guaiac Test

Test for occult blood test in fecal samples

Confirmatory Test

Highly flammable and explosive Used

to detect blood

Parts of Microscope

1st Stop

Aspirate

2nd Stop

Dispense