RAD 111 - Lower Extremity/Pelvis

All of the joints of the lower extremity are synovial (freely movable) except the

distal tibofibular

An avulsion fracture of the base of the 5th metatarsal is called a _________ fracture

Jones

For a lateral projection of the ankle, the central ray must enter the

medial malleolus

For a lateral projection of the foot, the central ray is directed to the

base of the 3rd metatarsal

For an AP oblique projection of the foot in either medial or lateral rotation, the plantar surface surface of the foot should form an angle

30 degrees

For an AP oblique projection of the knee, the limb is rotated

45 degrees

For an AP projection of the ankle, the central ray must enter the

ankle joint, midway between the malleoli

For an AP projection of the toes, the central ray is directed to the

3rd MTP joint

For an axial projection of the calcaneus, the ankle should be dorsiflexed so the plantar surface of the foot is

90 degrees from the plane of the IR

How far should the IR or collimated field extend beyond the ankle or knee joint for an AP projection of the leg

1 to 1 1/2 inches

How far should the IR/collimated field extend below the knee for a lateral projection of the femur

2 inches

How far should the knee be flexed for the tangential projection (Settegast method) of the patella when done in the prone position

as much as possible; until the patella is perpendicular

How far should the patient be rolled posteriorly from the lateral position, for a lateral projection of the hip that will include the proximal femur

10 to 15 degrees

How is the central directed for the PA axial projection (Holmblad method) of the intercondylar fossa

perpendicular to the lower leg

How is the patient placed for a lateral projection of the great toe and second toe

recumbent on the unaffected side

How many bones are in the foot

26

How many bones make up the leg

2

How many degrees are the lower leg and foot rotated for the AP oblique projection of the toes in medial rotation

30 to 45 degrees

How many degrees of angulation are required to open the IP joint spaces of the toes on an AP projection

15 degrees

How many degrees should the limb be internally rotated for an AP projection of the femur

10 to 20 degrees

How many metatarsal bones are in the foot

5

How many phalanges are in the foot

14

How many phalanges are in the great toe

2

How many tarsal bones are in the foot

7

How much is the knee flexed for a lateral projection of the patella

5 to 10 degrees

How much is the knee flexed for a lateral projection

20 to 30 degrees

How much is the knee flexed for the PA axial projection (Holmblad method) of the intercondylar fossa

70 degrees

How much should the leg be flexed for a lateral projection of the knee

20 to 30 degrees

If a lateral projection of the femur will include the hip joint, where should the top of the IR/collimated field be placed

ASIS

If the knee is flexed 40 degrees for the PA axial intercondylar fossa (Camp-Coventry) projection, the central ray will be angled

40 degrees

In order to better demonstrate the TMT joint spaces of the foot, a posterior angulation of how many degrees is required

10 degrees

In order to place the patella parallel with the plane of the IR for a PA projection, the heel must be rotated

5 to 10 degrees laterally

Often the leg is too long to fit on one IR. Which joint or joints should be included on the IR when the site of lesion is known

the joint closest to the lesion

On the anterior surface of the tibia is a prominent process called the

tibial tuberosity

On which aspect of the foot does the cuboid lie

lateral

Posteriorly, the femoral condyles are separated by a deep depression called the

intercondylar fossa

The central ray for an AP oblique projection of the foot is

0 degrees

The central ray is directed to what for an AP or AP axial of the foot

base of the 3rd metatarsal

The central ray angle for a lateral projection of the ankle is

0 degrees

The central ray angle for an AP, bilateral weight bearing knee is

0 degrees

The central ray angle for AP oblique projections of the knee is

variable, depending on the ASIS/tabletop distance

The central ray angulation for a lateral projection of the calcaneus is

0 degrees

The central ray angulation for a lateral projection of the knee is

5 to 7 degrees cephalad

The central ray angulation for an AP oblique projection of the ankle is

0 degrees

The central ray angulation for an AP oblique projection of the toes is

0 degrees

The central ray angulation for the AP ankle projection is

0 degrees

The circular fibrocartilage disks or pads that lie on the tibial plateaus are called the

menisci

The essential projections of the calcaneus are the

axial (plantodorsal) and lateral (mediolateral)

The fibula articulates with the tibia at the

distal and proximal ends

The incomplete separation or avulsion of the tibial tuberosity is known as

Osgood-Schlatter disease

The inferior aspect of the foot is termed the

plantar surface

The knee is in the correct position for a lateral projection of the patella if the

epicondyles are superimposed and the patella is perpendicular to the IR

The largest and strongest bone in the body is the

femur

The largest and strongest tarsal bone is the

calcaneus

The lower limb and its girdle comprise which of the following bones

foot and leg

hip

thigh

The medial and lateral oblique projections of the ankle require the leg and foot to be rotated how many degrees

15 degrees

The most commonly performed oblique projection of the foot is the

AP oblique in medial rotation

The name of the small round bones located on the plantar surface of the foot, typically beneath the first MTP joint, is the

sesamoid bones

The only ball and socket joint in the foot is the

talocalcaneonavicular

The PA axial intercondylar fossa (Camp-Coventry) projection requires the knee to be flexed

40 to 50 degrees

The preferred method of positioning the patient for the tangential projection (Settegast method) of the patella is

prone

The proximal end of the tibia presents 2 prominent processes called the

condyles

The second largest bone in the body is the

tibia

The second largest tarsal bone, and the one that occupies the highest position in the foot, is the

talus

The superior portion of the calcaneus contains a groove called the cacaneal sulcus. The inferior portion of the talus contains a matching groove called the sulcus tali. Collectively, these 2 sulci form the

sinus tarsi

The superior surface of the foot is termed the

dorsal surface

The talus articulates with how many bones

4

The tibia plateaus slope

posteriorly 10 to 20 degrees

The 2 flat, superior surfaces of the tibia are called the

tibial plateaus

To demonstrate the ankle mortise, the leg and foot should be rotated medially how many degrees

15 to 20 degrees

To prevent lateral rotation, how should the foot be positioned for a lateral projection of the ankle

in dorsiflexion

Valgus and varus deformities of the knee can be evaluated with which projection

AP, bilateral weight-bearing

What is the central ray angle for a lateral projection of the patella

0 degrees

What is the central ray angle for a PA projection of the patella

0 degrees

What is the central ray angle for an AP projection of the femur

0 degrees

What is the central ray angulation for an AP projection of the leg

0 degrees

What is the central ray angulation for the axial (plantodorsal) projection of the calcaneus

40 degrees

What is the degree of angulation for the tangential projection of the patella (Settegast method)

variable, depending on the degree of knee flexion

What is the patient position for a lateral projection of the 3rd, 4th or 5th toes

lateral recumbent on the affected side

What is the position of the femoral condyles when the leg is properly positioned for an AP projection

parallel to the IR

What type of joint is the ankle mortise

synovial, hinge

When the ASIS to tabletop measurement is between 19 and 24 cm, the central ray angulation for an AP knee is

0 degrees

When the ASIS to tabletop measurement is greater than 24 cm, the central ray angulation for an AP knee is

5 to 7 degrees cephalad

When the ASIS to tabletop measurement is less than 19 cm, the central ray angulation for an AP knee is

5 to 7 degrees caudad

When the femur is vertical, the medial condyle is lower than the lateral condyle. How many degrees difference is there between the 2

5 to 7 degrees

When the knee is properly positioned for an AP projection, the patella will lie

slightly to the medial side

When the malleoli of the ankle are positioned parallel with the IR, the ankle is in position for which projection

AP oblique, 15 to 20 degree medial rotation for the ankle mortise

Where does the central ray enter the knee for a lateral projection of the patella

through the patellofemoral joint space

Where is the central ray directed for a lateral projection of the calcaneus

1 inch distal to the medial malleolus

Where is the central ray directed for an AP projection of the knees, weight-bearing

1/2 inch below the apices of the patellae

Where is the central ray directed for an AP projection of the knee

1/2 inch below the patellar apex

Where is the central ray directed for the tangential projection (Settegast method) of the patella

through the patellofemoral joint space

Where is the IR centered for an AP projection of the knee

1/2 inch below the patellar apex

Where should the central ray be directed for a PA projection of the patella

midpopliteal area

Where will the fibula be located on a properly positioned lateral radiograph of the ankle

over the posterior half of the tibia

Which anatomical part must be identified on lateral radiographs of the knee in order to identify over-or-under rotation

adductor tubercle

Which ankle projection will clearly demonstrate the ankle mortise in profile

AP oblique, 15 to 20 degree internal rotation

Which lateral projection of the foot is the most commonly performed

mediolateral (lateral recumbent)

What the essential oblique projections of the ankle

AP oblique, 45 degree medial rotation

AP oblilque, 15 to 20 degree medial rotation for the ankle mortise

Which bone does not bear body weight

fibula