AP Bio Exam Review [in progress!!]

Monomers

Monomers

Building blocks of polymers, combine through dehydration synthesis releasing water.

Dehydration Synthesis

Process where monomers form covalent bonds releasing a water molecule.

Carbohydrates, Nucleic Acids, Proteins

Contain various types of monomers, composition and sequence crucial for function.

Hydrolysis

Breaks bonds by adding water, one molecule gains "H" and the other gains "OH".

Carbohydrates

Made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, include monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides.

Protein Structure

Includes primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary structures, interactions of amino acids crucial.

Triglycerides

Fats composed of fatty acids and glycerol, form ester bonds through dehydration synthesis.

Nucleic Acids

DNA and RNA composed of nucleotides, contain nitrogenous bases, sugars, and phosphate groups.

Endomembrane System

Includes ER, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, and plasma membrane, involved in protein synthesis and transport.

Eukaryotic Cells

Have a membrane-bound nucleus, organelles, and linear chromosomes, larger than prokaryotic cells.

Cancer

Disease characterized by uncontrolled cell division, including replicative immortality, metastasis, and angiogenesis.

Meiosis

Cell division process for producing gametes with daughter cells having half the chromosomes of parent cells.

Tumor

Benign tumors do not invade other tissues, while malignant tumors can invade other tissues and metastasize.

Proto-oncogenes

Genes that promote cell division when overactivated, contributing to cancer development.

Homologous chromosomes

Similar but not identical chromosome pairs involved in meiosis.

Crossing over

Genetic recombination process occurring in prophase I of meiosis.

Pedigrees

Charts showing trait presence across generations, used to determine inheritance patterns.

Gene regulation

Involves operons, transcription factors, and processes like chromatin accessibility in eukaryotes.

Natural selection

Process where heritable traits favoring survival lead to increased offspring with those traits.

Genetic drift

Evolution mechanism causing allele frequency changes due to chance, especially in small populations.