AP Bio Exam Review [in progress!!]

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AP Biology

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20 Terms

1
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Monomers

Building blocks of polymers, combine through dehydration synthesis releasing water.

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Dehydration Synthesis

Process where monomers form covalent bonds releasing a water molecule.

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Carbohydrates, Nucleic Acids, Proteins

Contain various types of monomers, composition and sequence crucial for function.

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Hydrolysis

Breaks bonds by adding water, one molecule gains "H" and the other gains "OH".

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Carbohydrates

Made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, include monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides.

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Protein Structure

Includes primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary structures, interactions of amino acids crucial.

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Triglycerides

Fats composed of fatty acids and glycerol, form ester bonds through dehydration synthesis.

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Nucleic Acids

DNA and RNA composed of nucleotides, contain nitrogenous bases, sugars, and phosphate groups.

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Endomembrane System

Includes ER, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, and plasma membrane, involved in protein synthesis and transport.

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Eukaryotic Cells

Have a membrane-bound nucleus, organelles, and linear chromosomes, larger than prokaryotic cells.

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Cancer

Disease characterized by uncontrolled cell division, including replicative immortality, metastasis, and angiogenesis.

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Meiosis

Cell division process for producing gametes with daughter cells having half the chromosomes of parent cells.

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Tumor

Benign tumors do not invade other tissues, while malignant tumors can invade other tissues and metastasize.

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Proto-oncogenes

Genes that promote cell division when overactivated, contributing to cancer development.

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Homologous chromosomes

Similar but not identical chromosome pairs involved in meiosis.

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Crossing over

Genetic recombination process occurring in prophase I of meiosis.

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Pedigrees

Charts showing trait presence across generations, used to determine inheritance patterns.

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Gene regulation

Involves operons, transcription factors, and processes like chromatin accessibility in eukaryotes.

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Natural selection

Process where heritable traits favoring survival lead to increased offspring with those traits.

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Genetic drift

Evolution mechanism causing allele frequency changes due to chance, especially in small populations.