Cells + Cell Metabolism Terms

Cell

The structural and functional unit of all living matter.

Apoptosis

Helps rid the body of old, unnecessary, unhealthy cells. Cell suicide.

Cytology

The study of cellular structure and function.

Red blood cells (RBC) are:

shaped like a disc and are able to bend.

The cell membrane is also called what?

Plasma membrane

What are the stages of Mitosis?

Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase.

Necrose

Cell death.

The cell membrane is said to be:

semipermeable and permeable.

Cell division is necessary for:

Growth, repair, and reproduction.

What is ATP stand for?

Adenosine triphosphate

What does adenosine triphosphate do?

Provides energy.

Cell Membrane

Contains cellular contents; selects what enter and leaves the cell.

What is the cell membrane composed of?

Phospholipids, proteins, and a small amount of carbohydrates.

Cilia

Hairlike projections that move substances across surface of the cell membrane.

Flagellum/Flagella

A single long hair projection, an example is sperm.

Microvilli

Accordion-like folds, increase surface area and amount of fluid absorbed.

Nucleus

Control Center of the cell, contains genetic information.

Chromatin

Thread-like structures in nondividing cell that contain DNA, forms chromosomes in a dividing cell.

Nucleolus

Synthesize ribosomes that move through nuclear pores into the cytoplasm, where they play a role in protein synthesis.

Nucleoplasm

Fluid substance that fills the nucleus.

Nuclear Membrane

Contains large pores that allow the free movement of certain substances between the nucleus and cytoplasm.

Cytoplasm

Composed mainly of DNA, gel located inside the cell but outside the nucleus.

What is this?

A cell.

Ribosomes

Free of fixed, cytoplasmic organelles involved in protein synthesis.

Endoplasmic Reticulum

Classified as rough or smooth. Rough synthesizes proteins while smooth synthesizes lipids, steroids, glycerides, and glycogen.

Cytoskeleton

Maintains shape and assists with cellular movement, made up of microfilaments and microtubules.

Centrioles

Cells without this are incapable of cell division. They are paired, rod-shaped, and short microtubular structures that form the spindle apparatus in a dividing cell.

Golgi Apparatus

Series of flattened membranous sacs that package proteins.

Lysosomes

Clean house, their enzymes break down intracellular waste and debris.

Passive Transport

Diffusion, facilitated diffusion, osmosis, filtration.

Active Transport

Transport pump, endocytosis, phagocytosis, pinocytosis, exocytosis.

Diffusion

Movement of a substance from an area of high concentration to low concentration.

Facilitated Diffusion

Helper molecules assist wit movement of a substance from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration.

Osmosis

Diffusion of water from an area with more water to an area with less water.

Filtration

The pushing of water and dissolved substances from an area of high pressure to an area of low pressure.

Active transport pump

Moves a substance uphill, low concentration to high concentration; requires energy (ATP).

Endocytosis

Taking in or ingesting of substances by cell membrane.

Phagocytosis

Engulfing of solid particles by the cell membrane (Pac-Man, cellular eating)

Pinocytosis

Engulfing of liquid droplets by cell membrane.

Exocytosis

Secretion of cellular products pout of the cell.

Isotonic Solution

Has same concentration as intracellular fluid.

Hypotonic Solution

Pure water, more dilute than inside a cell, can cause RBC to burst or lyse (hemolysis).

Hypertonic Solution

Very concentrate salt solution, causes RBCs to shrink, or crenate.

Tonicity

The ability of the concentration of a solution to affect volume and pressure within cell.

What are the two types of cell division?

Mitosis and Meiosis.

Stem Cells

Relative undifferentiated or unspecialized cells whose only function is the production of additional unspecialized cells.

Tumor

To many cells are produced, uncontrolled and disorganized.

Mitochrondia

Power plant or power house of the cell, most ATP is made here.

Cytosol

Intracellular fluid, composed of water, electrolytes, proteins, nutrients, and also contains inclusion bodies.

Organelles

Tiny organs, each has specific role, and they are dispersed throughout the cytoplasm.

Cell cycle

Sequence of events that the cell goes through. Two major phases: interphase and mitosis.

Metabolism

includes all of the chemical reaction in the body, including utilization of nutrients

Nutrition

Acquisition, assimilation and utilization of nutrients.

What are the five categories of Nutrients?

Carbohydrates, proteins, Lipids, vitamins, and minerals.

Anabolism

Reactions that build larger more complex substances from simple substances.

Catabolism

Reactions that break down larger more complex substances into simple substances.

Gluconeogenesis

The making of glucose from nonglucose sources, especially protein.

The end products of fat digestion are:

fatty acids and glycerol.

Both DNA and RNA are composed of:

four bases, a sugar, and phosphate.

Transcription

The copying of code by mRNA.

Translation

The reading of code by mRNA.