CMSC 140 Pearson Chapter 3

cin

A C++ object used to receive input from the user.

Stream Extraction Operator

Symbol (>>) used with cin to input data into a program.

Mathematical Expressions

Combinations of numbers and operators to perform calculations.

Order of Operations

Rules defining the sequence in which operations are performed in expressions.

Type Conversion

Automatic or explicit conversion of one data type to another.

Overflow

Occurs when a variable exceeds its maximum storage capacity.

Underflow

Occurs when a variable falls below its minimum storage capacity.

Type Casting

Explicit conversion of a variable from one type to another.

Multiple Assignment

Assigning the same value to multiple variables in one statement.

Combined Assignment

Operators that perform an operation and assignment in one step.

Manipulators

Functions like setw and setprecision used to format output.

Characters

Single letters or symbols used in programming.

Strings

Sequences of characters used to store text.

Mathematical Library Functions

Functions like sqrt and pow used for advanced calculations.

Hand Tracing

Manual simulation of code execution to identify errors.

Keyboard Buffer

Memory area where input values are stored before being read by cin

Prompt

Message displayed to guide users on what data to enter

Console

Text-Based interface for input and output operations

Operator Precedence

The hierarchy determining the order of operations in an expression.

Associativity

The direction in which operators are evaluated when they have the same precedence.

Unary Negation

An operator with right-to-left associativity that negates a value

Type Coercion

Automatic conversion of operands to the same type in C++.

Unsigned Int

An integer data type in C++ that can only represent non-negative values.

Long

A data type in C++ used to represent larger integer values.

Char

A data type in C++ used to represent single characters.

Short

A data type in C++ used to represent smaller integer values.

Integer Division

Division of integers in C++ that results in an integer

Promotion

Conversion of a value to a higher data type in C++.

Demotion

Conversion of a value to a lower data type in C++.

Setw

A manipulator that sets the minimum width for the next input/output field.

Setprecision

A manipulator that sets the number of significant digits for floating-point numbers.

Fixed

A manipulator that forces floating-point numbers to be displayed in fixed-point notation.

Showpoint

A manipulator that ensures decimal points and trailing zeros are displayed in floating-point numbers.

Left

A manipulator that aligns output to the left of the print field.

Right

A manipulator that aligns output to the right of the print field.

getline

Function that reads an entire line from input

string

Object used to store and manipulate sequences of characters.

cin.get

Function that reads a single character from input

cin.ignore

Function used to clear the input buffer to avoid reading unwanted characters.

Member Functions

Functions associated with an object that perform operations on its data.

length

Function that returns the number of characters in a string.

Concatenate

Operation of joining two strings together using the + operator.

C++ Runtime Library

A collection of pre-written code that provides mathematical functions and other utilities for C++ programs.

cmath

A header file in C++ that includes mathematical functions like pow

pow

A function that raises a number to a specified power.

abs

A function that returns the absolute value of an integer.

cos

A function that calculates the cosine of an angle in radians.

sin

A function that calculates the sine of an angle in radians.

exp

A function that computes the exponential function of a number.

fmod

A function that returns the remainder of a division with doubles.

sqrt

A function that calculates the square root of a number.

random_device

An engine that generates random bits for random number generation.

uniform_int_distribution

An object that produces random integers within a specified range.

uniform_real_distribution

An object that produces random floating-point numbers within a specified range.

random

A header file in C++ that includes functions and objects for generating random numbers.

Distribution Object

An object that reads random bits and produces numbers within a specified range.

Random Number Engine

An object that generates random bits for use in random number generation.