AP Lit Terms to Know

Alliteration

Repetition of initial consonant sounds or letters, mainly for tonal effects.

"Scyld, son of Sceaf, Snatched from the forces of savage foes" The basic form of Anglo-Saxon and some medieval verse.

Allegory

A literary form in which some or all of the elements of actions, character, and setting stand for either general concepts or parallel elements in life. An allegory is a story obviously told on multiple levels, drawing significant interest to a world symbolized, outside of the ostensible story. In allegory, almost everything in the story (characters, settings, objects, motivation) has a symbolic dimension.

Ambiguity

A situation in which something can be understood in more than one way and it is not clear which meaning is intended. An expression or statement that has more than one meaning.

Anaphora

Repetition of the same words at the beginning of several consecutive sentences.

Anastrophe

The natural order of words is inverted to emphasize the phrase that is displaced.

Analogy

Sustained comparison, usually to clarify a complex or abstract idea.

Anglo-Saxon

Old English. A low Germanic language.

Anecdote

Very short, unadorned narrative, usually to illustrate character or personality.

Antithesis

A rhetorical pattern in which contrasting ideas are emphasized by the balance or parallelism of words. "Be not the first by whom the new is tried, Nor yet the last to lay the old aside."

Antihero

Somebody who is the central character in a story but who is not brave, noble, or morally good as heroes traditionally are.

Aphorism

A concise, pointed epigrammatic statement that purports to reveal a truth or principle. Can be attributed to a specific person; once a statement is so generally known that authorship is lost, it is called a proverb rather than an aphorism. "A rose by any other name would smell as sweet" ~ William Shakespeare.

Aposiopesis

When the speaker deliberately stops the sentences short to leave something unexpressed that is, or should be, obvious to the reader.

Apostrophe

A direct address to an absent, imaginary, or dead person, or to an object, quality, or idea. Sing Muse, of the rage of Achilles.

Apotheosis

Elevation to divine status; the perfect example.

Apposition

The writer places two elements side by side; the second element is used to define or modify the first.

Archetype

A term describing certain characters or plot elements representing recurrent patterns of experience in man's inheritance and appearing in myth, legend, dream, and literature Ex: quest, rite of passage, utopia, rebirth, hero, king, prince, warrior, explorer, child, mother, hermit.

Aristeia

A series of exploits, or deeds of bravery, centered on a single hero.

Assonance

The repetition of similar vowel sounds in a sequence of nearby words.

Aside

A remark made by an actor, usually to the audience, that the other characters on stage supposedly cannot hear. A spoken remark not directed to all listeners and usually made in a quiet voice.

Asyndeton

Conjunctions are omitted from the text in order to speed up the rhythm of the passage. Writers use this technique to make an idea more memorable.

Atmosphere

 A prevailing emotional tone or attitude, especially one associated with a specific place or time. The prevailing tone or mood of a work of art. An interesting or exciting mood existing in a particular place.

Aubade

A short lyric expressive of one's feelings at daybreak.

Ballad

Traditionally, a folk song tells a story or legend in simple language, often with a refrain. Some poets have adopted the form. Samuel Taylor Coleridge's "The Rime of the Ancient Mariner."

Bildungsroman

 A novel of formation or of education; the subject is the development of protagonist's mind and character in passage from childhood into maturity. Often involves a spiritual crisis.

Blank Verse

Unrhymed iambic pentameter.

Caesura

A pause in a line of poetry. In scansion, the caesura is indicated by the symbol //

Canto

 A division of a long poem. Dante's The Divine Comedy.

Caricature

 A drawing, description, or performance that exaggerates somebody's or something's characteristics, for example, somebody's physical features, for humorous or satirical effect. A ridiculously inappropriate or unsuccessful version of or attempt at something.

Chronicle Plays

A play the deals with historical scenes and characters. Popular in 16th century England.

Conceit

An elaborate parallel between two seemingly dissimilar object or ideas; common in metaphysical poetry.

Comedy of Manners

 A satiric form of comedy, most often associated with Restoration-Age drama. Usually takes the artificial and sophisticated habits and doings of aristocratic or high society as its general settings and love or amorous intrigues as its subject.

Connotation

All other associations other than the dictionary meaning, sometimes even unconscious ones, that are conveyed by a word.

Consonance

The repetition of a final consonant sound or sounds following different vowel sounds.

Couplet

Two successive lines of rhyming verse.

Denotation

The dictionary meaning of a word; its straightforward significance.

Denouement

French for "unknotting", both refers to events following climax and implies some ingenious resolution of conflict.

Deus Ex Machina

Latin for “god from a machine”, the intervention of a nonhuman force to resolve a seemingly irresolvable conflict.

Dialect

A regional variety of a language, with differences in vocabulary, grammar, and pronunciation. A form of a language spoken by members of a particular social class or profession.

Diction

An author’s word choice.

Double Entendre

A remark that is ambiguous and sometimes sexually suggestive.

Dystopia

The opposite of an utopia; Greek for "bad place". Usually set in the future and describes an unpleasant, disastrous, or terrifying society or world.

Elegy

A formal poem that laments the death of a friend or public figure, or occasionally a meditation on death itself.

Elegiac

Expressing sorrow or regret; characteristic of a poetic elegy in form or content.

Epic

A lengthy narrative that describes the deeds of a heroic figure, often of national or cultural importance, in elevated language.

Epithet

An adjective or phrase applied to a noun to accentuate a certain characteristic.

Homeric epithet: the wine-dark sea.

Epiphany

A moment of sudden insight or revelation that a character experiences.

End Rhyme

Rhymes appearing at the end of lines of poetry.

Enjambment

A poetic expression that spans more than one line.

Epistolary

Narrative told through letters written by one or more characters.

Farce

A comic play in which authority, order, and morality are at risk and ordinary people are caught up in extraordinary goings on.

Foil

A character who, by his contrast with the protagonist, serves to accentuate that character's distinctive qualities or characteristics. Also known as character foil.

Foot

The basic unit of the accentual-syllabic line.

Framed Narrative

 A story enclosed within an embedded narrative, a tale within a tale.

Free Verse

Verse without fixed meter or rhyme, but using formal elements of patterned verse (e.g. assonance, alliteration).

Genre

The classification of literary works on the basis of their content, form, or technique.

Heroic Couplet

Two successive lines of rhymed poetry in iambic pentameter.

Hubris

Pride; especially in Greek tragedy, the pride that sets man at variance with the gods.

Hyperbole

Extravagant overstatement, not intended to be taken literally. "I died laughing."

Lamb

Two syllables; unstressed, stressed.

Lambic Pentameter

The most common rhythm in English poetry, consisting of five iambs in each line. "The quality of mercy is not strained."

Imagery

Words or phrases a writer selects to create a picture in the reader's mind. Usually based on sensory detail.

In Medias Res

At a critical point in the development of the action: referring to the principle that epics and other narratives should begin literally in the middle of things and postpone previous events to later in the story.

Internal Rhyme

Rhymes before the end of a line of poetry. How stayest thou there, whilst I at Ispwich lie?

Irony

Rhetorically, the use of words to imply a meaning opposite to that literally stated, humor or mockery is involved, verbal irony: writer says one thing and means another: "The best substitute for experience is being sixteen", dramatic irony: audience is aware of something and the characters in the text are not, situational irony: a great difference between the purpose of an action and its result.

Juxtaposition

The act or an instance of placing two or more things side by side.

Kenning

Metaphorical compound used in the place of a noun; common in Anglo-Saxon poetry. "Whale-road" for the sea, "ring-giver" for a king.”

Local Color

Use of details that are common in a certain region of the country.

Lyric

Short poetic composition that describes the thought of a single speaker. Most modern poetry is lyrical and focuses on the inner experience rather than the outward story.

Melodrama

Drama that emphasizes conflict between good and evil; relies on sensational events and improbabilities for dramatic effect.

Metonymy

Substitution of one term for another that is generally associated with it; "suits" instead of "businessmen."

Meter

The pattern created in a line of poetry by its structure of sounds and stressed syllables.

Mood

The feeling a text arouses in the reader: happiness, sadness, peacefulness, ect.

Memento Mori

A reminder of death; a special type of emblem. A deliberate reminder that everyone, while still in sound mind and body, should take stock of their own life and prepare spiritually for the Day of Judgment.

Monologue

In drama speech is given by an actor by himself, and not part of the chorus or dialogue.

Motif

An important and repeated theme or element in a text.

Onomatopoeia

Use of words such as "pop", "buzz", "hiss", that sound like the thing they refer to.

Oxymoron

 An association of two contrary terms, as in "same difference" or "wise fool".

Paradox

A statement that seems absurd or even contradictory, but often expresses a deeper truth.

Parody

A literary form that imitates a specific literary work or the style of an author for comic effect.

Pathos

From the Greek meaning strong emotion, often suffering, or, in a tragedy, a calamity causing suffering.

Persona

An identity or role that somebody assumes. The image of character and personality that somebody wants to show the outside world.

Personification

The attribution of human qualities to animals, to abstractions, or to inanimate objects.

Picaresque Novel

 A type of prose fiction that features the adventures of a roguish hero and usually has a simple plot divided into separate episodes. Mark Twain's Huckleberry Finn.

Poetic Justice

The idea that virtuous and evil actions are ultimately dealt with justly; virtue is rewarded, and evil is punished.

Polysyndeton

Using conjunctions in close succession in order to slow the rhythm of the passage and add solemnity.

Refrain

A line or lines that recur throughout a poem or the lyrics of a song. A refrain may vary slightly, but it is generally exactly the same.

Rhymed Verse

 Poetry that follows a rhyme scheme as opposed to free verse without rhyme.

Rhythm

A term referring to a measured flow of words and signifying the basic beat or pattern established by stressed syllables, unstressed syllables, and pauses.

Satire

A literary genre that uses irony, wit, and sometimes sarcasm to expose humanity's vices & foibles, giving impetus to reform through ridicule.

Soliloquy

Lines in a play in which a character reveals thoughts to the audience but not to the other characters; it is usually longer than an aside and not directed at the audience.

Sonnet

 A lyric poem that almost always consists of fourteen lines (usually printed as a single stanza) and that typically follows one of the conventional rhyme schemes. May address a range of issues or themes, but love is the most common theme.

Stream of Consciousness

The continuous flow of sense perceptions, thoughts, feelings, and memories in the human mind; a literary method of representing such a blending of mental processes in fictional characters. Example: James Joyce's Ulysses.

Synecdoche

 A figure of speech that refers to a whole entity by identifying only a part of it.

The Crown, for the English.

Syntax

The manner in which words are arranged into sentences.

Tableau

A dramatic, often symbolic arrangement of characters on a stage. Prince Hamlet contemplating Yorick's skull is the most famous tableau in dramatic literature.

Tone

The attitude of the author toward the reader or the subject matter of a literary work.

Understatement

A statement, or a way of expressing yourself, that is deliberately less forceful or dramatic than the subject would seem to justify or require.

Unreliable Narrator

One whose perception, interpretation, and evaluation of the matters s/he narrates do not coincide with the implicit opinions and norms of the author or those the author expects the reader to share.

Verse

Poetry or an individual poem, that is, any metrical composition.

Voice

Awareness of a voice behind the fictitious voices that speak in a text.

A sense of a pervasive authorial presence, intelligence, and moral sensibility which invented and ordered the literary characters.