Nutrition E3: Ch 6 + 7 (Final copy)

Energy balance & Weight managment

Underweight BMI

 below 18.5, affects <2% of US population, elderly/sick, eating disorders

Healthy weight BMI

18.5-24.9

Overweight BMI

above 25

obese BMI

30 or more

BMI equation

Weight(lbs)/ Height(in)/ height (in) x 703= BMI 

Leptin…

• Promotes negative energy balance

• Suppresses appetite

• Increases energy expenditure

effect if leptin injections on body weight

reduce body weight in animals and humans

Ghrelin

protein, produced by stomach cells that enhance appetite and decreases energy expenditure, promotes weight gain/triggers desires to eat, promotes positive energy balance

ways to increase BMR

height(surface area), growth(children/pregnant women), LBM, fever/diseases, stresses/drugs, environmental temp., gender hormones, caffeine

ways to decrease BMR

older age, body comp(more BF), fasting/starvation, malnutrition, gender hormones, sleep

which nutrients can turn into glucose?

Carbs, Amino acids, glycerol

lactic acid

burning sensation, byproduct of anaerobic metabolism

feasting

metabolism favors fat formation when eating in excess despite the macronutrient

after _________ body draws on it glycogen and fatstores for energy

fasting

ketosis

an undesirably high concentration of ketone bodies in the blood and urine.

glucose

a monosaccharide; sometimes known as blood sugar in the body or dextrose in foods

galactose

a monosaccharide; part of the disaccharide

lactose.

glycogen

an animal polysaccharide composed of glucose; a storage form of glucose manufactured and stored in the liver and muscles.

glyconeogenesis

making of glucose from a non carbohydrate source

glycerol

an alcohol composed of a three-carbon chain, which can serve as the backbone for a triglyceride.

glycemic index

a method of classifying foods according to their potential for raising blood glucose.

glycolysis

the metabolic breakdown of glucose to pyruvate. Glycolysis does not require oxygen(anaerobic).

glucogenic

can be made into glucose

glucagon

a hormone secreted by special cells in the

pancreas in response to low blood glucose concentration. Glucagon

elicits release of glucose from liver glycogen stores.