Zoology Final

What is Zoology?

The scientific study of the behaviour, str

What are eukaryotes?

Organisms whose cells contain membrane-enclosed nuclei (including plants, Fungi, and many unicellular forms)

What are Darwinism encompasses 5 different theories?

Perpetual change, Common descent, and Multiplication of species

What is the core of zoology?

The theory of evolution and Chromosomal theory of inheritance

What is the Latin term for domain?

dominium

What is the Latin term for kingdom?

regnum

What is the Latin term for phylum?

phylum

What is the Latin term for class?

Classis

What is the Latin term for Order?

ordo

What is the Latin term for family?

Familia

What is the Latin term for genus?

Genus

What is the Latin term for Species?

Species

What is a Hypothesis?

usually based on prior observations; testable and falsifiable

What is a Theorie?

if hypothesis is very powerful in explaining a wide variety of related phenomena

What is the Law of segregation?

the alleles for each gene segregate from each other so that each gamete carries only one allele for each gene

What is the Law of independent assortment?

Law of independent assortment genes of different traits can segregate independently during the formation of gametes.

What are the two types of Gene interactions?

Pleiotropy and Polygenic inheritance

What is Pleiotropy?

genes have more than a single effect on organismal phenotypes

What is Polygenic inheritance?

variation of many different genes can affect a single phenotype

What is Macroevolution ?

large-scale events in organic evolution.

What is Microevolution?

genetic variation and change within species

What is Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium?

the genetic variation in a population will remain constant from one generation to the next in the absence of disturbing factors

What is Natural selection?

Selection can act on quantitative traits to produce different kinds of evolutionary responses

What is Artificial selection?

a process of natural selection which continually morphed into active human interference

What are the Functional components of Protozoans?

Nucleus, Golgi complex, Endoplasmic reticulum, Extrusomes, Mitochondria, and Plastids

What is holozoic nutrition?

Food particles are brought into a cell by phagocytosis

What is saprozoic feeding?

Uptake of dissolved salts or nutrients

What is Excretion and Osmoregulation?

Contractile vacuoles function principally in osmoregulation, especially in freshwater

excretion of metabolic waste almost entirely by diffusion

What are the two forms of Reproduction of Protozoans?

Fission and sexual processes

What is Fission?

Budding, Binary, and Multiple fission

What are sexual processes?

Syngamy, autogamy, and conjugation

characteristics of Porifera?

Don’t have a gut, also referred to as sponges, and are sessile

What are traits that Cnidarians, referred to as jellyfish, commonly share

they can be found as two morphological types medusa and polyps

they develop from two embryonic cell layers, the ectoderm and endoderm

they have nematocyst which shoots a tiny thread that can puncture human skin ( depending on species)

what are common traits that Planaria and Flatworms share?

We find beginning stages of cephalization (ocelli and a nervous system cluster at the “front” of the animal).

Stem cells help them regenerate if their body is split in multiple parts.

They are related to tapeworms (Cestoda) and both fall under the umbrella term Platyhelminth (=flatworms).

Nematodes, commonly referred to as round worms, parasitize both animals and plants.

They have a high internal hydrostatic pressure, called turgor, which is maintained by the cuticle.

They only have longitudinal muscle to which the high turgor acts as the antagonist.

What are characteristics or features associated with phylum Cnidaria?

Presence of cnidocytes for stinging and prey capture

Radial symmetry

Gastrovascular cavity with a single opening

True or False Nemertea, Nematoda, and Cestoda are all endoparasites?

False

True or False Prokaryotes are a type of Protozoan?

False

True or False Cephalopods and Cestoda both shed egg filled segments off their body?

False

True or False A herbivorous animal is an autotroph organism?

False

True or False Jelly fish can stings by discharging cnidocytes?

True

True or False A recessive trait is only expressed in heterozygous form?

False

True or false: Plasmodium and Paramecium are both Protozoans, but Plasmodium is an endoparasite while Paramecium is (mainly) found in freshwater?

True

How do cephalopods change color?

Tiny muscles surrounding chromatophores contract

the pigment sac expands

pigment spreads

Skin color changes almost instantly

Why do cephalopods change color?

Camouflage, Communication, courtship, warning signals, and hunting

Does position on a phylogenetic tree determine intelligence?

No. A phylogenetic tree shows evolutionary relationships, not how "advanced" or intelligent a species is.

What is a radula?

A ribbon-like feeding organ covered in tiny teeth.

What is the radula used for?

Scraping algae, drilling shells, cutting food, or tearing prey depending on the mollusk.

What is a pseudocoelom?

A body cavity not completely lined with mesoderm.

What is a true coelom?

A body cavity completely lined with mesoderm.

How do you distinguish pseudocoelomates from coelomates?

Pseudocoelomates: cavity partially lined by mesoderm.

Coelomates: cavity completely surrounded by mesoderm.

How do you identify Protozoans?

Single-celled eukaryotes; no tissues.

Characteristics of sponges?

No true tissues

Asymmetrical

Filter feeders

Pores and choanocytes

Characteristics of cnidarians?

Radial symmetry

Tentacles Cnidocytes (stinging cells)

Gastrovascular cavity

Characteristics of flatworms?

Flat body

Bilateral symmetry

No body cavity (acoelomate)

Characteristics of tapeworms?

Segmented parasites

Scolex for attachment

No digestive tract

Characteristics of planarians?

Free-living flatworms

Eyespots

Regeneration

Characteristics of roundworms?

Round body

Unsegmented

Pseudocoelom

Complete digestive tract

Characteristics of ribbon worms?

Long ribbon-like body

Eversible proboscis

Complete digestive tract

Characteristics of Lumbricidae (Earthworms)

Segmented body

Setae Clitellum

Soil burrowers

Characteristics of Hirudinae (Leeches)

No setae

34 body segments

Two suckers

Flattened body

Characteristics of Nereidae?

Marine

Parapodia

Many bristles (setae)

Mollusca

Characteristics of Gastropoda?

Muscular foot

Usually one coiled shell

Radula

Characteristics of Cepalopoda?

Tentacles

Funnel

Large brain

Active predators

Characteristics shared by arthropods?

Jointed appendages

Segmented body

Chitin exoskeleton

Molting (ecdysis)

Mandibulate Hypothesis

What does the mandibulate hypothesis state?

Myriapods, crustaceans, and insects share a common ancestor with mandibles.

characteristics of Chelicerata?

No antennae

Chelicerae

Four pairs of walking legs

Includes spiders, scorpions, ticks

Which spiders are dangerous in Arkansas?

Brown Recluse and Black widow

How do their venoms differ?

Brown Recluse: Cytotoxic, Destroys tissue

Black Widow: Neurotoxic, Affects nervous system,

What is a courtship display?

Behaviors used to attract mates.

Which signaling modalities do jumping spiders use?

Visual

Vibrational

Chemical

Sometimes tactile

Characteristics of Myriapoda and Chilopoda?

Centipedes

One pair of legs per segment

Venom claws

Predators

Characteristics of Diplopoda?

Millipedes

Two pairs of legs per segment

Detritivores

Curl into defensive spiral

Difference between centipedes and millipedes?

Centipedes: one pair of legs/segment, fast predators

Millipedes: two pairs of legs/segment, slow decomposers

Why are tadpole shrimp successful in temporary lakes?

Eggs survive drying

Hatch rapidly after rain

Fast life cycle

Few predators in temporary ponds

Characteristics of insects?

Six legs

Head, thorax, abdomen

One pair antennae

Exoskeleton

What are sclerites?

Hardened plates of the insect exoskeleton.

What is eusociality?

The highest level of social organization with: Cooperative brood care, Reproductive division of labor, Overlapping generations

What is caste differentiation?

Different body forms specialized for different jobs (queen, workers, drones).

True or False are all insects arthropods?

True

True or False are all arthropods insects?

False: Arthropods also include spiders, crustaceans, centipedes, and millipedes.

What are the five chordate traits?

Notochord

Dorsal hollow nerve cord

Pharyngeal slits

Endostyle (or thyroid)

Post-anal tail

What are lancelets?

Small fish-like filter feeders that retain all five chordate characteristics.

What makes vertebrates unique?

Vertebral column

Cranium

More complex organs and nervous system

What are lampreys?

Jawless fishes

What is the larval stage of lampreys called?

Ammocoete

What are gnathostomes?

Jawed vertebrates

From what structure did vertebrate jaws evolve?

The first pharyngeal (gill) arch.

Which phylum has a water vascular system?

Water pressure moves tube feet for movement, feeding, and gas exchange.

How do tube feet function?

water pressure extends the tube foot

Muscles contract to retrace it

Adhesive chemicals help attach to surfaces

How do sea stars feed?

Attach tube feet to prey

Pull shell open

Evert stomach into prey

Digest externally

pull stomach back inside

What are homologous structures?

Structures inherited from a common ancestor but possibly with different functions.

Examples of homologous structures?

Human arms and whale flippers

What are analogous structures?

Structures with similar functions but different evolutionary origins.

Examples of analogous structures?

Bird wings and insect wings.

Why are reptiles traditionally considered not monophyletic?

Traditional "Reptilia" excludes birds, even though birds evolved from reptilian ancestors. Excluding descendants makes the group paraphyletic rather than monophyletic.

What is the clitellum?

Thickened reproductive band on earthworms that secretes the cocoon for eggs.

: How do leeches feed?

Attach with suckers, cut skin using jaws, secrete anticoagulants, and suck blood.

What is one hypothesis explaining worm summoning?

: Vibrations mimic predators (such as moles), causing earthworms to surface.

How do you distinguish Nereidae, Lumbricidae, and Hirudinae?

Nereidae: Marine, Parapodia, Many Bristles

Lumbricida: Soil, Clitellum, Setae

Hirudinae: No setae, Two suckers, Flattened body, Blood-feeding