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Elements with the most similar chemical properties

Usually in the same groups

Atomic mass

All occuring isotopes

When an electron changes its energy level, it can

Absorb more energy as it goes up different energy levels

An element in the excited state

Will have less valence electrons than normal

Covalent bond

When two non-metal atoms share valence electrons

Ionic bond

When the element with the highest electronegativity takes an electron from the one with the lowest (only exceptions are H and He, occurs between a metal and non-metal)

Non-polar covalent bond

When two non-metal atoms share electrons perfectly evenly because they have the same level of electronegativity

Polar covalent bond

When two non-metal atoms share valence electrons unevenly because they have different electronegativities

When an atom loses electrons…

Forms positive ions, also called becoming a cation or positive dipole

When an atom gains electrons….

Forms negative ions, also called becoming a anion or negative dipole

How do you determine the size of a bond?

You subtract 8 (octet rule) - # of valence electrons

In a stable state, the atomic number represents

The amount of protons and electrons

How to find amount of neutrons

atomic mass (rounded to nearest whole number) - atomic number

In general, the atomic number represents

the amount of protons

If an element is a different isotope than what is shown on the periodic table, what does that mean?

Whatever the number input is, that is the new atomic mass (leading to variation in # of neutrons)

If (in a stable state) an element has an ion, what does that affect?

The amount of electrons, where -# increases the amount and +# decreases the amount

27
13Al

27 = mass number, 13 = atomic number

An electron’s mass is 

0 amu

amu (meaning of acronym)

Atomic mass unit, used to calculate atomic mass

Nuclear charge is the same as

Atomic number (and a + sign prior to it due to nuclear charge always being positive)

Add up all electrons in electron configuration

How to determine amount of protons in ground state

27
13Al

27 = mass number, 13 = atomic number

Read questions

slowly, carefully, fully

Do not be afraid to ask Ms Maynard

If you have any concerns about logistics (such as if we can assume all elements are in ground state unless told otherwise)

Element with ion + (EX: O+) has…

One less electron

Mass number formula

number of protons + number of neutrons

Completion

All reactants are converted back to products

Reversible reactons

Products of the reaction become reactants when the reaction is reversed

What are the 4 most important elements in living things?

Carbon (C)

Nitrogen (N)

Oxygen (O)

Hydrogen (H)

What are 4 other common elements associated to life?

Potassium (K)

Phosphorus (P)

Calcium (Ca)

Sulfur (S)

Equilibrium

When forward and reversed reaction rates are equal