Cellular Respiration Flashcards (Chapter 6)

Aerobic Cellular respiration

is the process by which cells convert glucose and oxygen into energy, producing carbon dioxide and water as byproducts.

Balanced chemical equation for aerobic cellular respiration

C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6 O₂ → 6 CO₂ + 6 H₂O + ATP

Glycolysis (sugar cutting) occurs

Cytosol of all cells

Glycolysis Inputs

glucose, NAD+. ADP

Glycolysis Outputs

(2) pyruvate, ATP and NADH

Glycolysis produces ___ ATP and no __ involved

some; O2

Pyruvate oxidation aka transition step occurs

mitochondria on the way to matrix

Pyruvate oxidation Inputs

2 pyruvate, NAD+, and coenzyme A

Pyruvate oxidation outputs

Acetyl CoA, NADH. CO2

Is pyruvate oxidation aerobic and is O2 involved

no and no

Krebs cycle aka citric acid cycle

Acetyl coA is broken in half, hydrogens are removed and attached to NAD+ to make NADH and is located in the matrix, a few ATP are made

Krebs cycle inputs

Acetyl CoA, NAD+, ADP

Krebs cycle outputs

CO2, NADH, ATP

Krebs cycle electron carriers

FAD TO FADH2

ETC

located in the inner membrane and is a chain of enzymes that transport electrons

ETC inputs

NADH, FADH2, O2

ETC outputs

NAD+, FAD, H2O

A proton gradient is formed, which sets the stage for ATP production and involves O2

ETC

CP

is the diffusion of protons (H+) and located in the inner membrane

CP Inputs

H+ and ADP+ P

CP Outputs

34 ATp

Substrate level phosphorylation

is a process of producing ATP by direct transfer of a phosphate group to ADP from a phosphorylated intermediate, occurring in glycolysis and the citric acid cycle.

Chemiosmotic phosphorlyation

is the process of producing ATP using the energy from the proton gradient created by the electron transport chain, occurring in the inner mitochondrial membrane.

Prior to being pumped what molecules were the protons apart of

NADH and FADH2

The protons were first attached to ___ and then what happens

NADH and FADH2, which donate electrons to the electron transport chain, allowing protons to be pumped across the membrane.

If O2 isn’t present what will happen

Electrons will not be removed and the whole process will shut down

Anaerobic respiration occurs

when oxygen is not available, allowing cells to produce energy through fermentation instead of oxidative phosphorylation.

ETC electrons are in a low (ground) energy state because they have

passed through the ETC and powered proton pumps, gradually losing energy along the way

During chemiosmotic phosphorylation what happens

ATP synthase allows the protons to flow down from the inter membrane compartment to the matrix which is an example of passive transport

How do bacteria make ATP without a mitochondria

They use processes like glycolysis and fermentation for ATP production, and use their outer membrane like the inner membrane of mitochondria

Complex carbohydrates are brown to to

pyruvate to make ATP

Lipids are modified to make ATP through beta-oxidation which

breaks down fatty acids into acetyl-CoA for entry into the citric acid cycle.

Proteins are modified to make ATP by deamination

which removes an amino group (NH2), allowing them to be converted into intermediates for the citric acid cycle.

Why do cells prefer to utilize glucose for ATP production

Cells prefer glucose for ATP production because it is a readily available energy source that efficiently generates ATP through glycolysis and subsequent metabolic pathways.

Lipids are ideal for energy storage because

they are energy-dense molecules that store more than twice the energy per gram compared to carbohydrates and proteins.