COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY

James 1:5: Seek God for wisdom, and He will provide it generously.

Cognitive Psychology

It is the study of how people perceive, learn, remember, and think about the information.

Availability heuristics

Our brains ability to make a quick decision to a specific situation based on its availability in our mind — it can sometimes make biases.

Ex.
“You heard the plane crash news, and now you don’t want to ride plane anymore” (Memory availability and Biases)

“Buying new phone such as Iphone, cause it is something that people always recommend and that what comes to your mind immediately.”

Heuristics

Mental shortcuts when we process information

Thesis

A statement of belief

Ex.
A statement that genes really does affect the human behavior entirely. (a flaws in the study it could be also affected by environment)

Dialectic

This is the term where the issue in the cognitive psychology “changes” over time (The question is, why did that issues changes?)

This is term refers to the the changes of that issue because of the developmental process that is happening, exchange of ideas and spread of discussion.


These are the process of dialectic:
1. Thesis
2. Antithesis
3. Synthesis

Antithesis

A contradiction for the thesis

Ex.
There should be a nature when determining human behavior not nature alone.

Synthesis

• The debate between the thesis & antithesis will result with this.

• This is the most credible among these 2

Ex.

It says that the battle between the thesis and antithesis about nature and nurture will come with Human Nature

1. Philosophy

2. Physiology

These is the approach of how does historians examines cognitive psychology.

Philosophy

An approach to help understand generally the nature of the world through introspection (examination of inner ideas).

Physiology

Scientific study of living functions of matter through empirical methods (through observation).

1. Plato

2. Aristotle

Who are the philosophers that disagreed on how to “investigate ideas”

Plato

He is a “Rationalist”

Aristotle

He is a “Empiricist”

Rationalist

Plato said that the route to analysis is to “thinking” and “logical thinking”

it is important in theory development

Empiricist

• Naturalist and Biologist stand to this point

• We acquire knowledge via empirical evidence through experience and observation.

Rene Descartes

He emphasizes introspection rather than empiricist.

Structuralism

understand the structure (configuration of elements) of the mind and its perceptions by analyzing those perceptions into their constituent components (affection, attention, memory, and sensation).

• Wilhelm Wundt contributed to this

Introspection

• This method is used by the structuralism and Wundt used this to his methods of research.

• Question: the aim is to look at the elementary components of an object or process.

1. Rationalism

2. Empiricism

3. Synthesis

What are the methods to gain knowledge?

Rationalism

• Methods to gain knowledge

• Through reflective thinking and logical analysis

Empiricism

• Methods to gain knowledge

• Through Observation

Synthesis

• Methods to gain knowledge

• Combination of:

1. Observation

Pragmatism

Research that can be applied to the real world

Functionalism

• Developed as an alternative to structuralism and suggested that it should be focused on the process rather than the contents.

• Seek to understand what people do and why they do it.

Associationism

• Examines how elements of the mind, such as events or ideas, can become associated with one another in the mind to result in a form of learning.

1. Contiguity

2. Similarity

What is the two types of associationism?

Contiguity

• Things that seems to occur together at the same time

Ex. bell and food (classical conditioning)

Process

• Aside from understanding what people do and why people do it.

• What is the focus of functionalism also?

Pragmatics

• Since the functionalism is validated by the process

• this term is validated by Usefulness.

• What can you do with it?

LAW OF EFFECT

• Influential associationist is Edward Lee Thorndike, he held the role of satisfaction is the key to forming associations (we need to satisfied for more response)

• This satisfaction term known as?

• Definition: The stimulus will produced that same response when rewarded.

Satisfaction

• According to Edward Lee Thorndike, it will serve as “stimulus” for future actions.

Behavior

• This is only what you can see to associate it.

Definition: focuses on the relation of observable behavior and environmental stimulus.

A part in the book that they’ve tried to make it “physical’

Contingency

• Effective conditioning requires?

Ex.

• Presentation of food being dependent

• Dependent on the others

John Watson

• Who is the father of radical behaviorism?

Radical Definition — very extreme

Gestalt Psychology

Definition: we must understand the psychological phenomena (or observable events) when we are viewing organization and structure wholes.


Ex. when we see a face we are not directly analyzing the nose and the eyes, we see it as a whole.

Cognitivism

Definition: Explains that most human behavior explains how people think.

• It rejects the idea of behaviorist to avoid studying mental processes just because they are unobservable.

Theory

is an organized body of general explanatory principles regarding a phenomenon, usually based on observations.

Hypotheses

• tentative proposals regarding expected empirical consequences of the theory, such as the outcomes of research.

Statistical Significance

indicates the likelihood that a given set of results would be obtained if only chance factors were in operation.