Chinese Dynasties Review

Flashcards about the Song, Yuan, Ming, and Qing Dynasties of China, covering political, social, cultural, and economic aspects.

What are some traditional political methods used by the Song Dynasty to maintain control?

Civil service exams, Confucianism, and the Mandate of Heaven.

What is a key example of patriarchy in Song Dynasty China?

Foot binding.

What was the core syncretic philosophy of the Song Dynasty?

Neo-Confucianism (Confucianism mixed with Taoism and Buddhism).

What was the most popular variation of Buddhism in Song Dynasty China?

Zen Buddhism.

What were some major economic developments during the Song Dynasty?

Increased commercialization and trade, growth of cities, and a boom in the iron industry.

What new agricultural innovation increased population and labor in Song Dynasty China?

Champa rice.

What currency innovation was first used during the Song Dynasty?

Paper money.

Which group overthrew the Song Dynasty?

The Mongols.

Who was the key leader of the Yuan Dynasty?

Kublai Khan.

What was the Yuan dynasty's approach to civil service exams?

They didn't adopt them until the very end, and even then, Mongols were privileged over Chinese people.

How were the Yuan dynasty's approach to women different from previous Chinese dynasties?

They were more open for women, did not use foot binding, and allowed men and women to interact in public.

What technologies and goods were spread out of China by the Mongols?

Gunpowder, Uighur Script, and rice.

Which dynasty overthrew the Yuan Dynasty?

The Ming Dynasty.

What was the initial goal of the early Ming Dynasty?

To eliminate Mongol influences and restore Chinese traditions.

To where did the Ming dynasty move the capital?

Beijing.

Who led the Ming Dynasty's voyages into the Indian Ocean?

Zheng He.

What was the purpose of Zheng He's voyages?

To project Chinese power and bring back resources.

With which group did the later Ming Dynasty have increased contact?

Europeans.

What major item flooded into China during the later Ming Dynasty due to European trade?

Silver.

What law required all taxes to be collected in silver in Ming China?

The single whip law.

From what group did the Qing dynasty originate?

The Manchu.

How were the Manchu seen by the Han?

The Manchu are regarded as not legitimate.

What methods did the Qing dynasty use to show that they belonged?

Traditional methods of rule like the Mandate of Heaven, civil service exams, and Confucianism.

How did the Qing dynasty expand their territory?

Gunpowder weapons.

What system did the Qing dynasty use to restrict European trade?

The Canton system.

What product did Britain use to

Opium.

What treaty granted Britain special privileges after the Opium War?

The Treaty of Nanjing.

What type of imperialism did European powers exert over China?

Economic imperialism through spheres of influence.

What was the bloodiest civil war in Chinese history that weakened the Qing Dynasty?

The Taiping Rebellion.

What rebellion attempted to resist foreign influence in China?

The Boxer Rebellion.

What were the three major trade routes during the period of 1200-1450?

The Silk Road, Trans-Saharan Caravan Routes, and Indian Ocean Sea Lanes.

What factors led to the intensification of trade between 1200 and 1450?

Empires, increased demand for luxury goods, caravanserais, and monsoon winds.

What goods were increasingly traded as luxury goods?

Silk, porcelain, spices, and gold.

What religions spread through trade networks?

Christianity, Islam, Judaism, and Buddhism.

What often happens when multiple religions spread?

Syncretism.

What technologies spread via trade routes?

Gunpowder and the compass.

What is a good example of a crop that spread due to trade networks?

Champa rice.

What was the major disease that spread via trade routes during this period?

The Black Death.

Who were the two big world travelers that spread ideas?

Marco Polo and Ibn Battuta.

Which cities grew due to trade?

Timbuktu, Baghdad, and Constantinople.

What was a major development in trade from 1450 to 1750?

European exploration and the establishment of colonies.

What exchange system connected the New World and the Old World?

The Columbian Exchange.

What deadly disease was spread to the Americas?

Smallpox.

What crop from the Americas led to population growth in Europe?

The potato.

What was the big economic development from 1750-1900?

Industrialization.

Which country was first to be industrialized?

Britain.

What was the big economic theory that connected to industrialization?

Capitalism.

What policy of the Qin Dynasty opened up trade with Britain?

China's Open Door Policy