EXAM 4: Chapter 13 The Nervous System II: The Central Nervous System (CNS) Part 1単語カード | Quizlet

- provides voluntary and involuntary movement

- functions in interpretation and integration of sensation

- provides consciousness and cognitive functions

- involved in innervation of the head through the cranial nerves

What are the functions of the brain?

- cerebrum

- diencephalon

- brain stem

- cerebellum

What are the 4 basic parts of the brain?

gray matter of brain

mostly cell bodies of neurons; some short unmyelinated axons and dendrites; some neuroglia

located in outer brain cortex

white matter of brain

mostly myelinated axons of neurons

located in inner brain cortex

brain stem

Connects the brain and spinal cord

white matter external to central gray matter

cerebrum and cerebellum

additional external cortex of gray matter

ventricles

expansions of the brain's central cavity

filled with CSF and lined with ependymal cells

floating and cushioning the brain and spinal cord

What is the function of CSF?

lateral ventricles

x2

span both the cerebral hemispheres, separated by the septum pellucidum

third (3rd) ventricle

ventricle that is enclosed by the diencephalon

- cutting the brain in half destroys this ventricle

fourth (4th) ventricle

located in the hindbrain (dorsal to pons and superior half of medula)

- continues to inferiorly as the central cavity in the spinal cord

choroid plexus

part of ventricles of the brain

vascular complex in the roofs of the 3rd and 4th ventricles; responsible for CSF production

fissures

deepest grooves, separates major portions of the brain

transverse cerebral fissure

fissure that separates cerebrum from cerebellum inferiorly

longitundinal fissure

fissure that separates the right and left cerebral hemispheres

sulci (sulcus)

"furrow"

the many grooves on the surface of the brain

gyri (gyrus)

"twister"

twisted ridges of brain tissue (lumpy bumps)

primary motor cortex

conscious control of skeletal muscles

function of frontal lobe

primary sensory cortex

conscious perception of touch, pressure, vibration, pain, temperature, and taste

function of parietal lobe

visual cortex

perception of visual stimuli

function of occipital lobe

auditory cortex and olfactory cortex

function of temporal lobe

- cerebral cortex of gray matter (superficial)

- cerebral white matter (internal)

- basal nuclei (basal ganglia) (deep in white matter)

What are the three largest regions within the cerebrum?

cerebral cortex

site of conscious sensory perception, voluntary movements and higher though functions

1. motor areas

2. sensory areas

3. association areas

What are the 3 functional areas of the Cerebral Cortex? (cerebrum)

- primary motor cortex

- premotor cortex

- frontal eye field

- Broca's area

What are the motor areas of the cerebral cortex?

primary motor cortex

a motor cortex that controls precise or skilled voluntary movements of the body

(esp forearms, fingers, and facial muscles)

contralateral projection

R and L motor cortices control muscles on the L and R sides of the body, respectively

motor homunculus

the body map on the motor cortex

(feet to face)

face and hand are represented large

somatotopy

general principle of "body mapping"

premotor cortex

a motor cortex that controls more complex movements than does the primary motor cortex

frontal eye field

a motor area that controls voluntary eye movements

Broca's area

a motor area in the Left hemisphere only that manages speech production

frontal lobe area

Where are the motor areas of the cerebral cortex located?

parietal, temporal and occipital lobes

Where are the sensory areas of the cerebral cortex located?

primary somatosensory cortex

a sensory cortex that functions in

conscious awareness of general somatic senses

spatial discrimination

contralateral projections

sensory homunculus

a body map of the sensory cortex

(feet to face)

lips and hands are large

somatosensory association cortex

a sensory cortex that integrates different sensory inputs (touch, pressure) into a understanding of WHAT IS BEING FELT

visual (striate) cortex

a sensory cortex that receives visual info that originates on the retina of the eye

visual association area

a sensory area that communicates with the visual (striate) cortex by making sense of what is seen

continues processing of visual info by analyzing color, form and movement

auditory cortex

a sensory cortex that function in conscious awareness of sound

auditory association area

a sensory area that permits evaluation of a sound

located in the Left hemisphere, center of Wenicke's Area

gustatory cortex

a sensory cortex that function in conscious awareness of taste stimuli

vestibular (equilibrium) cortex

a sensory cortex that function in conscious awareness of the sense of balance

olfactory cortex

a sensory cortex that function in conscious awareness of smell

cerebral cortex (cerebrum)

Where do higher-order functions perform?

association areas

Higher-order processing areas

- tie together the different kinds of sensory information received

prefrontal cortex

large region of frontal lobe, anterior to motor areas

- MOST complicated cortical region

- performs many COGNITIVE FUNCTIONS

general interpretation area

part of the cortex that functions in integrating ALL different types of sensory information

language area

a complex of functional areas that surround the lateral sulcus in the left hemisphere

- involved in various functions related to language

Broca's area

speech production (motor)

Wernicke's area

speech comprehension (sensory)

cerebral white matter

comprised of many axons (or fibers) through which different areas of the cerebral cortex communicate

most of the fibers are myelinated and bundles into large tracts

commissure fibers

composed of fibers that run BETWEEN the two hemispheres

interconnect R and L hemispheres

corpus callosum

largest commissure; superior to lateral ventricles, deep within the longitudinal fissure

association fibers

connect different cortical areas within the SAME hemispheres

projection fibers

fibers that run vertically to and from the brain stem and spinal cord

basal nuclei (basal ganglia)

paired masses of gray matter embedded deep within the cerebral white matter;

coordinates with the cerebral cortex to control complex movements

1. caudate nucleus

2. amygdaloid body or nucleus (amygdala)

3. claustrum

What are the 3 nuclear groups of the basal nuclei (basal ganglia)?

Diencephalon

forms the central core of the forebrain;

connects the cerebrum to the brain stem structurally and functionally

thalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus

What are the three structures of the diencephalon?

subconscious

Functions that occur in the diencephalon are almost exclusively ___________.

Epithalamus

part of the diencephalon that controls the circadian rhythm

Pineal gland is found here - secretes melatonin (sleep-wake cycle)

thalamus

part of the diencephalon that is a relay center (processing center) for sensory information

hypothalamus

part of the diencephalon that controls

autonomic functions; thirst, hunger, sexual desire,

sets emotional states

integrates with endocrine system

suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN)

a pair of cell clusters in the hypothalamus that regulates daily (circadian) rhythms

body's biological clock

autonomic centers

region found in hypothalamus that control heart rate and blood pressure via regulation of autonomic centers in the medulla oblongata

mamillary bodies

region found in hypothalamus that control feeding reflexes (licking, swallowing)

- mesencephalon (midbrain)

- pons

- medulla oblongata

What are the 3 structures of the brain stem?

Mesencephalon (midbrain)

lies between the diencephalon and the pons

coordinate visual and auditory reflexes

corpora quadrigemina

located in mesencephalon (midbrain)

act in the "startle response" - process visual and auditory information and generate reflexive responses to these stimuli

superior colliculi

part of the corpa quadrigemina located in mesencephalon (midbrain)

visual reflex

inferior colliculi

part of the corpa quadrigemina located in mesencephalon (midbrain)

auditory reflex

pons

structure on brain stem

HELPS REGULATE RESPIRATION, coordinate involuntary skeletal muscle movements and muscle tone, relays info to and from the brain/spinal cord

apneustic center and pneumotaxic center

What are the two centers of the pons that are concerned with the involuntary control of respiration?

medulla oblongata

Connects the brain and spinal cord

a relay station & controls visceral functions like blood pressure, breathing, and heart rate

cardiovascular center

part of the medulla that regulates blood flow and heart rate

respiratory rhythmicity center

part of the medulla that set pace for respiratory movements

works together with pons

Cerebellum

functions in:

smooth and coordinates body movements (unconsciousness)

helps maintain posture and equilibrium

"muscle memory"

vermis

Connects the two hemispheres of the cerebellum

"worm-like strx"

Purkinje cells

part of internal structure of cerebellum

contains large, highly branched type of cells

functions in subconscious coordination and control of ongoing movements of body parts