Imaging Modalities

One in eight women who love to 95 develop ______

brest cancer

What is the most common cancer diagnosed?

breast cancer

What was the first and only federally regulated imaging exam with the implementation of the MQSA?

Mammography

What is known as a procedure performed on an asymptomatic patietn who presents without any known breast problems?

breast cancer screening

What is the recommended breast screening age?

40 years old

Early detection of breast cancer consists of what 3 things?

• high-quality mammography

• physical exams

• monthly self-exams

____ mammograms are performed if there are findings on a routine breast cancer screening

Diagnostic

This is known as the art and science of measuring bone mineral content (BMC) and bone mineral density (BMD) of specific skeletal sites or the whole body

Bone densitometry

What is bone densitometry used for?

• assess bone strength

• diagnose diseases with low bone density (osteoporosis)

• Minor effects of therapy

• Predict fracture risk

What bone densitometry exam can provide a body composition analysis of bdy fat, muscle mass, and visceral fat

DEXA

What are all the different types of bone density exams?

DXA (Dual-energy x-ray absorption)

QCT (Qualitative computed tomography)

QUS (Qualitative ultrasound)

PDXA (peripheral dual-energy x-ray absortion)

What is the most common bone density machine?

DXA for DEXA scans

What is a pDXA used for?

peripheral (extremities)

What does DXA stand for?

Dual-energy X-ray Absorptiometry

This is known as the process of creating a cross-sectional plane of any part of the body

Computed Tomography (CT)

What rotates around the body during a CT scan?

x-ray tube

How does a CT scan eliminate superimposition of a part?

by passing a tightly collimated beam through many different angles

This is performed by a radiologist to obtain a small tissue sample through a needle

CT guided biopsy

What are the 4 types of CT biopsies?

1. Thoracic

2. Bone

3. Adrenal

4. Percutaneous renal

What is it called when there is use of CT during surgical procedures?

Intraoperative CT (iCT)

T/F: CT can be used on animals

True

What is the process of acquiring diagnostic slices of information from volumetric data or thins called?

Multiplanar reconstruction (MPR)

CT volume rendering is a method used to create ___ images of internal structures

3D

This is known as a non-invasive medical imaging technique that uses strong magnetic fields and radio waves to create detail images of organs and tissues

MRI

T/F: MRI uses ionizing radiation

False

T/F: in MRI, the magnet is always on

True

List all the types of MRI scanners

• Closed

• Open

• Extremity

• Point-of-care

• Hybrid

What is the field strength of a closed MRI scanner?

0.55 to 3

What unit measures MRI

Tesla

T/F: an open MRI scanner can be upright or recumbent

True

T/F: in an upright MRI scanner, the patient can stand in the position that hurts

True

Which type of MRI scanner allows for supine and weight-bearing images?

open weight-bearing scanner

T/F: an open weight-bearing MRI scanner can rotate from 0-90 degrees

True

This type of MRI scanner takes images of the hand, wrist, elbow, knee, feet, and ankles

Extremity scanner

Intraoperative MRI is often used in _____ procedures

neurosurgical

An open/closed MRI scanner allows better access to the patient but lower/higher image quality. While an open/closed MRI scanner has worse access to the patient and a lower/higher image quality

open, lower, closed, higher

T/F: PET and MRI can be used together

True

This is the term that refers to radiologic examination of vascular structures after the introduction of contrast

Angiography

This is the term that refers to examination of arteries after injection of contrast

Arteriography

This is the term that refers to the study of veins after the injection of contrast

venography

What is known as narrowing of a vessel

stenosis

What is known as leg pain and cramping

claudication

What is known as an obstruction of a vessel

occulsion

What is known as a weakened area of an artery that is ballooned

aneurysm

This is known as a non-invasive imagine technique that uses high-frequency sound waves to create real-time images of interal structures

Ultrasound

In ultrasound, what emits high frequency sound waves into the body?

transducer

Ultrasound can also be called ___ ___ ___

Diagnostic medical sonography

What is an RDCS?

Registered diagnostic cardiac sonographer

This is known as a modality that uses radioactive materials for diagnosis, therapy, and medical research

Nuclear medicine

How is radioactive material in nuc med introduced into the body?

• injection

• ingestion

• inhalation

This type of imaging determines the cause of a medical problem based on an organ or tissue function

nuclear medicine

What is the most used radionuclide?

technetium-99

_____ is commonly for used for breast cancer or melanoma patients where a radiotracer is injected around the areola 4 times

lymphoscintigraphy

What is a treatment used for liver cancer?

Y-90

Which exam will have scrambled eggs with sulfur collied prepared for the patient and take about 4 hours to perform?

gastric emptying

What scan can be used to rule out Parkinson’s diease?

Dat scan

What are the 2 major categories for the application of radiation therapy for cancer treatment?

• external beam treatment

• brachytherapy

This modality involves directing high-energy radiation from outside the body to the affected area by cancer

Radiation therapy - external beam

T/F: during radiation treatment, patients receive therapy in multiple sessions daily or over several weeks

true

This type of radiation therapy involves placement of radiative sources such as seeds, pellets, or ribbons inside or very close to a tumor

Brachytherapy

What is low-dose rate brachytherapy typically used for?

prostate cancer

what is high-dose radiation therapy typically used for?

cervical cancer

Who develops a plan to deliver the prescribed dose of radiation to the patient while minimizing the dose to healthy tissues

medical dosimetrist

Who works with radiation oncologist and medical physicist to perform calculations and design treatment plans

medical dosimetrist

This is known as a specialized role in radiology focusing on the acquisition, processing, and presentation of 3D medical images and functional studies

Data analysis - 3D Lab

Which specialist educates healthcare professionals on proper use of imaging equipment, is involved in training new staff, supervising equipment installation, and providing customer support

Radiology Applications Specialist

Who is responsible for promoting and selling radiologic products, such as imaging equipment, to healthcare providers and medical facilities

Sales Representatives

What does MQSA regulate?

mammo

Which bone density scan is considered the gold standard for diagnosing osteoporosis

DXA/DEXA

What does MPR allow us to do with CT images?

reconstruct images into different planes

Ultrasound creates images using high-frequency ___

sound waves

In nuc med the radiation detected by the gamma camera comes from the ____ inside the patient

radiopharmaceuticals

What does MQSA stand for?

Mammography Quality Standards Act

Uses mammographic images obtained from different angles to locate the abnormality and guide the biopsy needle

Stereotactic breast biopsy

Ultrasound provides real-time guidance so the provider can direct the biopsy needle to an abnormality that is visible with ultrasound.

US guided breast biopsy

When getting and MRI-guided breast biopsy, how is the patient positioned?

prone with their breast in a breast coil

A small marker is placed at the biopsy site so the area can be identified later on future imaging or for treatment/surgical planning is called a

biospy clip or marker

Uses the acquired CT data to create a 3D representation of internal anatomy.

volume rendering

What is a radiation therapists role on the angiography team

prepare the room and equipment, assist the physician, maintain the sterile field, ensure radiation safety, administer contrast as appropriate, monitor the patient, and record data

Why is gel used in US?

to improve sound waves into the body and receive echoes

Who specializes in imaging and physiologic evaluation of blood vessels, including abdominal vessels, peripheral arteries/veins, extracranial vessels, and transcranial studies.

RVT (registered vascular technologists)

What detects emitted radiation in Nuc Med?

a gamma camera

What is the difference between low-dose radiation brachytherapy and high-dose radiation brachytherapy?

low-dose: uses small radioactive seeds implanted in or near the tumor

high-dose: uses applicators to deliver the dose