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What are 3 elements that make working with child witnesses very difficult?
Poor linguistic skills, Poor memory and high susceptibility to post event contamination
What are four factors that can influence the development of memory
knowledge, mnemonic strategies, meta-memory and culture/social norms
What is the progression for strategy development in memory consolidation?
Rehearsal, organisation and mnemonic
At what age do you see the first precursors to rehearsal?
3 Years
At what age do you see genuine use of rehearsal strategies?
5-6 years
At what age do you begin to see the organisation and chunking of information in the memory?
8 years
What age are children when the begin to use elaboration techniques?
10 years
What is the term given for the self awareness of one’s memory ability?
Meta-memory
At what age do we begin to see children predict their own memory ability?
3 years
What age can children understand that people can have false memories?
6 years
What is the term given to cultures that place more emphasis on memories about others and the group opposed to more self specific and emotive memories?
Collectivist cultures
How do collectivist cultures process episodic and autobiographical memories?
They tend to chunk stories into larger units
What is difference between children and adults when it comes to encoding and retrieving event memory?
Adults tend to focus on goals in the event and children tend to focus on objects.
Even though children as young as 2 years are able to recall memory form years ago, what makes questioning infants about the past so difficult?
Susceptible to leading questions, can be influenced to say anything
What can be some reasons for children unintentionally giving false accounts
urge to comply with line of questioning, quality of memories and linguistic barriers
What reasons did Williams et al. (2013) find for children intentionally deceiving a questioner?
Avoid punishment, sustain a game, keep a promise and avoid embarrasment
What are 3 behaviors that risk altering memories unconsciously?
suggestions, stereotypes and expectations
What are 2 behaviors that risk altering memories consciously?
bribes and threats
What are some cognitive factors that can risk altering memories in children?
Memory strength, source monitoring and scripts
True or false: older children are more susceptible to cognitive memory alterations due to having more knowledge schemas?
True
What are some social factors that can cause for children to give false memory accounts during questioning?
Language used by questioner, linguistic skills of child, pragmatic skills and coercive questions
What method can be implemented if an infant appears to comply with information from the questioner face-face?
Use of video link
True or false: younger children are more suggestible?
true
What method can prevent coercive suggestibility and push appropriate pragmatic communication between questioner and child?
rapport building