REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM

male reproductive system

Production of sperm cells

male reproductive system

Sustaining and transfer of sperm cells to the females

female reproductive system

Production of female sex cells (oocytes)

oocytes

female sex cells called

female reproductive system

Reception of sperm cells from the male

female reproductive system

Nurturing the development of and providing nourishment for the new individual

Testes and ovaries

produce sex cells (gametes)

Meiosis

–cells division

–Begins in cells that contain 23 pairs of chromosomes (46 chromosomes) and ends with gametes containing 23 chromosomes

testes

where sperm cells develop, located outside the body cavity in the scrotum

ducts

epididymides, ductus deferentia/vas deferens

seminal vesicles, prostate gland, bulbourethral glands

acessory glands of male reproductive system

scrotum, penis

Supporting structures of male reproductive organs

Tunica albuginea

Coverings of the testes

septa

extensions of the capsule·extend into the testis

·divide it into lobules

seminiferous tubules

Each lobule of testes contains

interstitial cells

·Between seminiferous tubules

·Produce androgens

·Precursor to Testosterone

epididymis

Comma-shaped, tightly coiled tube,About 15’ long, On superior, posterior part of the testis

Epididymis

Site where sperm mature, expels sperm to the vas deferens during ejaculation

vas deferens

Paired structure, carry sperm from epididymis to ejaculatory duct

ductus deferens

another term for vas deferens

Ductus Deferens

Spermatic cord,OUTSIDE body cavity

Vas Deferens

Ends in the ejaculatory duct unites with prostatic urethra

vasectomy

cutting the vas deferens to prevent transportation of sperm

urethra

Extends from the base of urinary bladder to tip of penis

urethra

Carries both urine and sperm, Sperm enter from the ejaculatory duct

prostatic, membranous, spongy(penile) urethra

Regions of male urethra

seminal vesicles

Paired structures, located posterior to urinary bladder, Produce ~60% of semen

fructose,vitamin c,prostaglandins

semen composed of

Prostate Gland

Attached to apex of urinary bladder, Surrounds prostatic urethra

prostate gland

Secretes a milky fluid

·~35% of semen

·Helps activate sperm

·Enters urethra via small ducts

Bulbourethral (Cowper’s) Glands

Pea-sized glands inferior to the prostate

Bulbourethral (Cowper’s) Glands

Produce a thick, clear mucus

Bulbourethral (Cowper’s) Glands

Cleanses the urethra

Serves as a lubricant

Secreted into the penile urethra

May contain sperm!!

semen

Mixture of sperm and accessory gland secretions

alkalinity

helps neutralize the acidic environment of vagina

scrotum

Divided sac of skin outside the abdomen

scrotum

Maintains testes ~3°C lower than normal body temperature , protects sperm viability

penis

Delivers sperm into female reproductive tract

shaft,glans penis,prepuce

structures of penis

External Genitalia

Shaft of penis

·three columns of spongy erectile tissue

·2 corpora cavernosa

·1 corpus spongiosum

·Surrounds penile urethra

2 corpora cavernosa, 1 corpus spongiosum

three columns of spongy erectile tissue

external genitalia

Surrounds penile urethra

corpus songiosum, corpora cavernosa

2 types of erectile tissue

external genitalia

Columns are filled with blood capillaries

·Engorge with blood during sexual arousal

·Cause erection of penis

·Blood drains after orgasm

Testosterone Production

The most important male hormone Produced in interstitial cells

testosterone

Stimulates reproductive organ  development

testosterone

Causes sex drive

Causes secondary sex characteristics

Deepening of voice

Increased hair growth

Enlargement of skeletal muscles

Thickening of bones

spermatogenesis

Production of sperm cells,Begins at puberty and continues throughout life

seminiferous tubules

spermatogenesis occurs in

2-4 billion sperm

Each ejaculation contains

sperm cell

The only human flagellated cell, DNA is found in the head

hypothalamus

anterior pituitary gland and testes

gonadotropin

releasing hormone (GnRH) – causes cells of APG to secrete LH and FSH

Luteinizing Hormone (LH)

binds to interstitial cells & causes secretion of testosterone

Luteinizing Hormone

Once referred as Interstitial Cell-Stimulating Hormone (ICSH)

Folllicle-Stimulating Hormone

binds to Sertoli cells in seminiferous tubules

Testosterone

Negative feedback effect on secretion of GnRH, LH and FSH

inhibin

Negative feedback effect on secretion of FSH

puberty

Sequence of events by which a child is transformed into a young adult

testosterone

Causes enlargement & differentiation of the male genitals & reproductive duct system

male sexual act

Complex series of reflexes in erection of penis, secretion of mucus into urethra, emissions, ejaculation

Emission,Ejaculation,Orgasm/Climax,Resolution

4 types of male sexual act

ovaries,uteri tubes,fallopian tubes,uterus,vagina,external genitalia, mammary glands

female reproductive system composed of

5 M oogonia

fetus

ovulation

release of an oocyte from ovary

Uterine tubes

_Fallopian Tubes/Oviduct

•Fimbraie

•Ampulla – fertilization occurs

uterus

Fundus, body, cervix

perimetrium,myometrium,emdometrium

3 walls of uterine cavity

perimetrium

serous layer

myometrium

muscular layer, middle layer

emdometrium

innermost layer

vagina

Female organ of copulation and functions to receive the penis during intercourse

Endometriosis

condition in which endometrial tissue is found in abnormal locations, reduces fertility  invades peritoneum of pelvic cavity  painful menstruation  reduced fertility

infertility

Due to malfunctions of uterine tubes, reduced hormone secretion from pituitary or ovary, interruption of implantation

infections

can cause blockage of uterine tubes

infertility

Reduced ovulation result from inadequate LH and FSH secretion (caused by hypothyroidism, trauma to hypothalamus, tumors)

orgasm

not necessary for fertilization to occur

resolution

characterized by overall sense of satisfaction and relaxation after the sexual act

Vaginal & smooth muscle contract rythmically

muscle tension throughout the body

orgasm/climax

triggered by tactile/psychological stimulation

Secretion provide lubrication

allow easy entry & movement of penis in vagina during intercourse

erectile tissue

within clitoris and around vaginal opening becomes engorged with blood; greater vestibular glands secrete mucus

Testosteronelike hormones

produced in adrenal cortex

testosteronelike, estrogen

Dependent on hormones

40-50

age of female irregular menstrual cycle, ovulation does not consistently occur

Female Climacteric

whole time period from onset of irregular cycles to their complete cessation

Premenstrual Syndrome

Severe changes in mood resulting in aggression & unacceptable behaviors before menses

Endometrium

sloughs off away as result of progesterone levels

Zygote

.cell division  produce blastocysts pass uterine tube  uterine 7-8 days after ovulation  blastocysts implanted in endometrium where development continues

secretory phase

‘time between ovulation and next menses

Corpus luteum

secrete progesterone & smaller amounts of estrogen

progesterone

causes cells of endometrium to become larger & secrete small amount of fluid

FSH

increases estrogen secretion from proliferative phase

Proliferative phase

time between the ending of menses & ovulation

ovulation

day 14; varies among individuals; varies from one menstrual cycle to the next

menstrual cycle

Series of changes that occur in sexually mature nonpregnant females and that accumulate in menses

menses

‘period of mild hemorrhage during which part of the endometrium is sloughed & expelled from the uterus

Menstrual cycle

Results from cyclical changes that occur in ovary and are controlled by LH and FSH secretions from APG

Puberty

Development of sexual drive

Menarche

first episode of menstrual bleeding