Chapter 18: Acid-Base Equilibria and Solubility Equilibria

Flashcards covering key concepts in Acid-Base Equilibria and Solubility Equilibria from Chapter 18.

What is the common ion effect?

The presence of a common ion suppresses the ionization of a weak acid or weak base.

Define Le Châtelier’s principle.

When a stress is applied to a system at equilibrium, the system will respond by shifting in the direction that minimizes the effect of the stress.

What defines a saturated solution?

A solution that contains the maximum amount of a solute that will dissolve in a solvent at a specific temperature.

What is an unsaturated solution?

A solution that contains less solute than it has the capacity to dissolve.

What does a supersaturated solution contain?

More dissolved solute than is present in a saturated solution.

What is a precipitate?

An insoluble solid product that separates from a solution.

What is a buffer solution?

A solution that contains significant concentrations of both members of a conjugate pair (weak acid/conjugate base or weak base/conjugate acid).

What is the Henderson-Hasselbalch equation?

pH = pKa + log ([conjugate base]/[weak acid])

What is the equivalence point in a titration?

The point in a titration where the reaction is complete, specifically where the amount of acid is stoichiometrically equal to the amount of base.

Define the term 'molar solubility.'

The number of moles of solute in 1 liter of saturated solution.

What is the solubility product constant (Ksp)?

The equilibrium constant that indicates the extent to which a slightly soluble ionic compound dissolves in water.

What is the significance of the formation constant (Kf)?

The equilibrium constant that indicates to what extent complex-ion formation reactions occur.

Define fractional precipitation.

The separation of a mixture based upon the components’ solubilities.

What is qualitative analysis?

The determination of the types of ions present in a solution.

What is an endpoint in a titration?

The point at which the color of the indicator changes.

What does 'pH' measure?

The concentration of hydrogen ions in a solution.

Which strong acid has the highest ionization constant?

H2SO4.

What is the Ka value for Hydrosulfuric acid (H2S)?

Very low and difficult to measure; considered an estimate.

Define gravimetric analysis.

An analytical technique based on the measurement of mass.