evolution flashcards

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76 Terms

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evolution

change in organisms over time

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lamarck

french guy that proposed evolution resulted from inheritance of acquired characteristics

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adaptation

evolutionary process; organism gets better to live somewhere

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natural selection

organisms w/ certain traits live longer and have sex more

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artificial selection

selective breeding to get better traits

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descent w/ modification

species descended and changed from other species

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homologous

organisms that are similar bc of shared ancestry

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vestigial structure

feature that got worse over time

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analogous

similar traits but no shared ancestry (convergent evolution)

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convergent evolution

unrelated organisms evolved similarly bc of environment

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biogeography

study of past and present geographic distribution of organisms

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endemic

native/confined to region

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phylogeny

evolutionary history of species or group of related species

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binomial nomenclature

genus name (capitalized) species name (lowercase)

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genus

similar, closely related species

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species

similar living organisms that can reproduce

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classification systen

domain, kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species

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linnaeus

swedish guy who proposed biological nomenclature

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phylogenetic tree

diagram showing evolutionary relationships of organisms w/ common ancestor

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taxa

level of organization organisms are classified into

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rooted tree

branch to show most common ancestor of all taxa in tree

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cladistics

organisms placed into clades based on common descent

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clade

group of species including ancestral species and all descendants

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outgroup

taxon that diverged prior to main taxa

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maximum parsimony

when considering multiple explanations for observation, first look at simplest one consistent with facts

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3 domains

archaea, bacteria, eukarya

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genetic variation

differences among individuals in their genes or other DNA

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gene pool

all genes in a population

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hardy-weinberg equilibrium

condition describing a non-evolving population (in genetic equilibrium)

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genetic drift

change in allele frequency of population as result of chance events

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founder effect

genetic drift that happens when few individuals separate from population and make a new population

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bottleneck effect

genetic drift that happens when a population is reduced greatly (normally natural disaster) and new population is genetically different

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adaptive evolution

increase in frequency of good alleles; decrease in bad alleles

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gene flow

movement of alleles into/out of population due to migration of individuals to/out of population

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fitness

ability of an organism to survive and reproduce

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direction selection

natural selection where individuals at one end of phenotypic range have better fitness

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disruptive selection

natural selection where individuals at upper and lower ends of curve have better fitness

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stabilizing selection

natural selection where individuals in middle of curve have better fitness

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sexual selection

natural selection where individuals with certain phenotypic traits more likely to reproduce

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biological species concept

species are groups of interbreeding natural populations that are reproductively isolated from other such groups

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reproductive isolation

separation of species/population so they cannot interbreed and have fertile offspring

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hybrids

offspring of parents that differ in genetic traits. parents may be different species, genera, or families

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prezygotic barriers

barriers that prevent the hybrid zygote from forming at all

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postzygotic barriers

barriers that prevent the hybrid zygote from becoming a fertile adult (may die early, be weak, or be sterile)

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allopatric speciation

formation of new species in population that are geographically isolated from one another

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sympatric speciation

formation of new species in populations that live in the same geographic area

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parapatric speciation

speciation within population where subpopulations are reproductively isolated

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speciation

formation of new and distinct species in the course of evolution

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speciation characteristics

population is separated. different populations experience different environmental pressures. populations diverse (mutations accumulate; genetic drift occurs; natural selection occurs). reproductive isolation is attained

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polyploidy

chromosomal alteration where the organism has more than 2 complete chromosome sets

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habitat differentiation

appearance of new ecological niches that can lead to speciation

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hybrid zones

region in which members of different species meet and mate, producing at least some offspring of mixed ancestry

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gradual model

speciation model in which species gradually change over time

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punctual equilibrium

periods of abrupt changes in a species after a long period of time

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radiometric dating

process of measuring the absolute age of geologic material by measuring concentrations of radioactive isotopes and their decay products

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big five extinctions

extinction rates due to events with a probability of 5% or less:

end ordovician, late devonian, end permian, end triassic, end cretaceous

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pangaea

large ancient supercontinent

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adaptive radiation

rapid increase in number of species with a common ancestor characterized by great ecological and morphological diversity. driven by adaptation of organisms to new ecological contexts

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morphological species

characterizes a species by body shape and other features

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cryptic species

group of organisms that are genetically distinct and do not interbreed but are morphologically almost indistinguishable

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sterile offspring

offspring that cant reproduce

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fertile offspring

offspring that can reproduce

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ecological isolation

species occur in the same area but occupy different habitats and rarely encounter each other

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behavioral isolation

form of reproductive isolation where 2 populations have differences in mating rituals or other behavior that prevents breeding

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temporal isolation

form of reproductive isolation where 2 populations reproduce at different times

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mechanical isolation

morphological differences prevent successful mating

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gametic isolation

form of reproductive isolation where sperm are immobilized and destroyed before fertilization

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zygotic mortality

egg is fertilized, but zygote does not develop

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hybrid inviability

a postzygotic barrier where hybrid zygotes fail to develop or reach sexual maturity

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hybrid sterility

hybrid offspring can mature but are sterile as adults

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evolutionary reversal

reversion of a derived character state to its ancestral state

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differential survival

individuals with better traits are more likely to survive and reproduce

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reproductive isolation

inability of a species to reproduce due to certain conditions

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systematics

study of morphological and behavioral resemblances to make theories about relationships

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taxonomy

classification of life-forms by their similarities and differences

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genetic equilibrium characteristics

no mutations. no gene flow. random mating. no natural selection