General Biology - Quarter 1 Notes (Introduction to Biology, Cell Theory, Endosymbiotic Theory, Cell Structure, Tissues, Microscopy, and Cell Transport)

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A comprehensive set of vocabulary flashcards covering key biology terms from the notes, including cell theory, cell structures, tissues, transport, and microscopy.

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80 Terms

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Biology

The science of life; the study of living organisms and their processes.

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Etymology of Biology

From Greek bios (life) and logos (study of), meaning the study of life.

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Cell Theory

All living things are made of cells; the cell is the basic unit of life; all cells come from pre-existing cells.

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Endosymbiotic Theory

Idea that organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts originated as free-living prokaryotes engulfed by a host cell.

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Prokaryotic Cell

Cell that lacks a true nucleus and membrane-bound organelles; DNA is circular and located in the nucleoid.

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Eukaryotic Cell

Cell with a true nucleus and membrane-bound organelles; can be single-celled or multicellular.

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Gram-Positive Bacteria

Bacteria with thick peptidoglycan walls that retain crystal violet stain (blue/purple).

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Gram-Negative Bacteria

Bacteria with thin peptidoglycan walls and an outer membrane; stain pink/red.

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Mitochondrion

Powerhouse of the cell; produces ATP; contains own DNA; has outer and inner membranes and cristae.

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Chloroplast

Plant plastid that conducts photosynthesis; contains chlorophyll and its own DNA; double membrane.

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Ribosome

Molecular machines that synthesize proteins; 70S in prokaryotes, 80S in eukaryotes; may be free or bound.

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Nucleus

Membrane-bound organelle that houses DNA; contains chromatin, nucleolus; enclosed by the nuclear envelope with pores.

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Nucleolus

Region inside the nucleus where ribosomal subunits are assembled.

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Chromatin

uncoiled DNA in the nucleus; condenses to form chromosomes during cell division.

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Chromosome

Condensed DNA structure containing genetic information; comprised of two sister chromatids joined at the centromere.

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Nuclear Envelope

Double membrane surrounding the nucleus; connected to the endoplasmic reticulum.

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Nuclear Pore

Protein channels that regulate passage of molecules into and out of the nucleus.

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Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)

Membrane network; Rough ER has ribosomes for protein synthesis; Smooth ER synthesizes lipids and detoxes.

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Golgi Apparatus

Modifies, sorts, and packages proteins into vesicles; cis (receiving) and trans (shipping) faces.

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Lysosome

Organelle with digestive enzymes that break down waste and damaged cell parts; Tay-Sachs disease relates to lysosome function.

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Ribosome Location

Ribosomes can be free-floating in the cytoplasm or bound to the endoplasmic reticulum.

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Endomembrane System

Interconnected membranes including the nuclear envelope, ER, Golgi, vesicles, and lysosomes.

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Mitochondria DNA (mtDNA)

Mitochondria contain their own DNA, inherited maternally in many organisms.

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Cytoskeleton

Network of microtubules, microfilaments, and intermediate filaments that gives the cell shape and enables movement.

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Cilia

Short, numerous locomotor organelles on the cell surface; aid movement of substances over the cell; not present in plant cells.

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Flagella

Long, few locomotor appendages used for propulsion; types include monotrichous, lophotrichous, amphitrichous, and peritrichous.

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Cell Wall

Rigid outer layer that provides structure and protection; in plants, fungi, and most bacteria.

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Plastids

Plant organelles including chloroplasts; involved in storage and photosynthesis.

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Chlorophyll

Green pigment in chloroplasts that captures light energy for photosynthesis.

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Vacuole

Membrane-bound storage sacs; large central vacuole in plant cells maintains turgor; smaller vacuoles in animal cells.

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Plant Cell vs Animal Cell

Plant cells have cell walls, chloroplasts, and a large central vacuole; animal cells lack cell walls and chloroplasts.

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Basement Membrane

Thin layer that connects epithelium to underlying connective tissue.

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Epithelium

Tightly packed cells forming a covering or lining; functions include protection, secretion, absorption, excretion, and filtration.

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Gland (Exocrine vs Endocrine)

Epithelial tissue that secretes products; exocrine glands secrete into ducts, endocrine glands secrete into the bloodstream.

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Junctions (Tight, Gap, Desmosomes)

Cellular connections: Tight junctions seal space between cells; gap junctions allow passage of ions; desmosomes provide structural stability.

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Connective Tissue

Tissue that binds, supports, and protects; has an extracellular matrix rich in collagen, elastin, and reticular fibers.

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Matrix

Non-cellular material in connective tissue composed of proteins and water/minerals.

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Cartilage Types

Hyaline (flexible), fibrocartilage (tension/pressure support), elastic cartilage (flexible framework).

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Bone

Rigid connective tissue with a mineralized matrix; contains compact and spongy bone.

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Blood

Fluid connective tissue; transports nutrients, gases, wastes; contains red cells, white cells, and platelets.

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Muscle Tissue

Contractile tissue responsible for movement; skeletal, smooth, and cardiac types.

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Nervous Tissue

Tissue with neurons and supporting glial cells; handles sensing, processing, and transmitting signals.

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Meristem

Plant tissue of actively dividing cells that generate new growth; apical, lateral, and intercalary meristems.

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Xylem

Vascular tissue that transports water and minerals upward; consists of dead, lignified cells.

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Phloem

Vascular tissue that transports sugars and nutrients; living cells that move substances in multiple directions.

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Dermal Tissue (Epidermis, Periderm)

Outermost protective tissues of plants; epidermis is the skin of leaves and stems; periderm replaces epidermis in woody parts.

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Ground Tissue (Parenchyma, Collenchyma, Sclerenchyma)

Tissues involved in photosynthesis, storage, and support; parenchyma is general-purpose; collenchyma provides flexible support; sclerenchyma provides rigid support.

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Vascular Tissue (Xylem and Phloem)

Tissues for long-distance transport of water/minerals (xylem) and sugars (phloem) in plants.

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Cell Membrane Transport

Movement of substances across the plasma membrane, including passive and active processes.

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Concentration Gradient

Gradual change in solute concentration; substances move from high to low concentration.

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Diffusion

Passive movement of small particles across the membrane down their concentration gradient.

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Osmosis

Diffusion of water across a semipermeable membrane following water’s concentration gradient.

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Facilitated Diffusion

Passive transport of large or polar molecules via membrane proteins; no energy required.

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Active Transport

Energy-dependent transport moving substances against their gradient via pumps (e.g., Na+/K+ pump).

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Endocytosis

Process of taking in material by engulfing with the cell membrane; includes pinocytosis and phagocytosis.

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Exocytosis

Process of releasing materials from the cell via vesicle fusion with the plasma membrane.

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Nucleoplasm

Fluid inside the nucleus that surrounds the chromatin and nucleolus.

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Chromatids/Chromosomes/Centromere

Duplicated sister chromatids form a chromosome; centromere holds them together.

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Centrosome and Centrioles

Organize microtubules and form the spindle during cell division.

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Kinetochores

Protein structures at the centromere where microtubules attach during mitosis.

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Cytokinesis

Division of the cytoplasm that follows mitosis/meiosis.

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Mitosis

Nuclear division producing two genetically identical diploid daughter cells; stages include prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase.

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Meiosis

Cell division producing four haploid gametes with genetic variation; includes synapsis and crossing over (chiasmata).

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Synapsis

Pairing of homologous chromosomes during meiosis I.

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Chiasmata

Sites of crossing over between homologous chromosomes during meiosis.

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Kinase (Checkpoint Regulation)

Enzyme that adds phosphate groups to proteins to regulate cell cycle progression and checkpoints.

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Tay-Sachs Disease

Genetic disorder caused by accumulation of fats in nerve cells due to lysosomal dysfunction.

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Histology

Study of tissues and their microscopic structure.

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Microscopy

Techniques for visualizing cells and tissues; includes light and electron microscopy.

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Light Microscope

Microscope using visible light and compound lenses; lower magnification.

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Electron Microscope

Microscope using electron beams; includes SEM (surface) and TEM (internal structures).

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SEM

Scanning Electron Microscope; provides detailed images of a specimen’s surface.

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TEM

Transmission Electron Microscope; provides images of internal cell structures by transmitting electrons through thin specimens.

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Micrometer (µm)

Unit of length equal to one millionth of a meter.

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Nanometer (nm)

Unit of length equal to one billionth of a meter.

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Angstrom (Å)

Unit equal to 0.1 nanometers.

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Historically Important Figures in Cell Theory

Janssen (compound microscope); Leeuwenhoek (simple microscope; observed bacteria); Hooke (coined ‘cell’); Virchow (cells come from pre-existing cells).

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Zoonotic

Diseases that can be transmitted from animals to humans.

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Biogenesis

Life arises from pre-existing life; opposite of spontaneous generation.

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Spontaneous Generation (Abiogenesis)

The outdated idea that life could arise from non-living matter; disproven by Redi and Pasteur.