QCE Senior Chemistry UNIT 4

What is a hydrocarbon?

An organic compound that only contains carbon and hydrogen

What does the suffix "ane" in a name represent?

Single bonds or saturated

What does the suffix "yne" in a name represent?

The presence of one or more triple bonds

What are the prefixes used to show multiple branches of the same type?

Di, tri, tetra and penta

What are the prefixes used to represent the number of carbons? List 1-10

Meth, eth, prop, but, pent, hex, hept, oct, non, dec

What does the suffix "ene" in a name represent?

The presence of one or more double bonds

What does the name of a branch end in?

'yl'

What is the rule when assigning a number to show the location of a functional group?

Always give the carbon that the functional group is attached to the lowest possible number

What is a functional group?

An atom or a group of atoms in an organic compound that determines the reactivity and properties of that compound

What is a hydroxyl functional group?

OH

What is a carbonyl functional group?

A double bonded oxygen to a carbon (C=O)

What suffix is used in the naming of alcohols?

'ol'

Where is the hydroxyl functional group located in a primary alcohol?

It is always attached to a carbon on the end of a carbon parent chain

What is a straight chained alkane?

A hydrocarbon that contains all single bonds with no branches

What class of organic compound contains a hydroxyl functional group?

alcohols

What class/es of organic compounds contain a carbonyl functional group?

Aldehydes and ketones

What is the difference between a primary, secondary and tertiary alcohol?

The number of carbon atoms attached to the carbon that the hydroxyl is attached to

What is a carboxyl functional group?

COOH - a double bonded oxygen and a hydroxyl group attached to the same carbon

What suffix is used in the names of carboxylic acids?

"oic acid"

What does the functional group of an ester look like?

They have a carbon that has both a carbonyl group and an oxygen that is linked to another carbon

What suffix is used in the names of an ester?

..........'yl'..........'oate'

What is the difference between the positioning of the carbonyl functional group in ketones and aldehydes?

Aldehydes have the functional group on an end carbon. Ketones have them on a carbon in the middle of the parent chain

What molecule are amines and amides derived from?

Ammonia (NH3)

What functional group do carboxylic acids have?

Carboxyl functional group or COOH

Name the classes of organic compounds that have functional groups with oxygen in them?

Alcohols, aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic acids and esters

Name the classes of organic compounds that have functional groups that contain nitrogen?

Amines, amides and nitriles

What suffix is used for amines?

'amine'

What functional group do amides have?

An amine group attached to a carbon with a carbonyl group attached to it

What suffix is used to name amides?

'amide'

What suffix is used in the naming of the nitrile class of organic molecules?

'nitrile'

What is a structural isomer?

Organic molecules that have the same molecular formula but different bonds between the atoms

Does a 'cis' or a 'trans' geometrical isomer have similar substituents on the opposite side of a double bond?

'trans'

What differs between primary, secondary and tertiary amides?

The number of alkyl (R) groups attached to the nitrogen atom

What is the functional group in the nitrile class of organic molecules?

A carbon triple bonded to a nitrogen

What type of functional group does a haloalkane contain?

Halogens such as chlorine, bromine, fluorine and iodine

What is a geometrical isomer?

Compounds that have the same atoms but have a different arrangement of atoms around a double bond

What is a homologous series?

A group of organic molecules with the same functional group but a different number of carbon atoms in the main chain

Describe the relationship between boiling point and chain length

boiling point increases with chain length (increased dispersion forces)

Which is more volatile - pentane or dimethylpropane?

Dimethyl propane (branches reduce IMF strength)

Sequence in order of increasing solubility in water - carboxylic acid, ketone, alcohol

Ketone, alcohol, carboxylic acid (dipole only, H-bonding, 2x H-bonding)

A substance with a low melting point and high solubility in cyclohexane is most likely to be an _______.

Alkane / hydrocarbon

Why are the smaller alcohols e.g. ethanol more soluble in water?

Polar molecules that H-bond allows increased solubility. Smaller carbon chain does not interfer with the H-bonding.

What type of reaction do alkanes undergo?

Substitution

Which class undergoes addition?

Alkenes

Identify the products of complete combustion.

Water and carbon dioxide

Name two common oxidising agents

dichromate (VI) / (Cr2O72-) permanganate / manganate (VII) / (MnO4)-

Describe the products of the oxidation of a primary alcohol

Aldehyde then carboxylic acid

What is produced when a secondary alcohol is oxidised?

A ketone

Can tertiary alcohols be oxidised?

No

What colour change is associated with the oxidation of an alcohol with potassium dichromate?

Orange to green

What colour would you expect to see when potassium manganate (VII) is combined with a) propan-1-ol and b) methylpropan-2-ol

a) purple -> colourless / brown PPT b) purple (no change)

Desribe a chemical test to distinguish hexane from hexene

Add bromine water, alkene becomes colourless first (without UV light)

Name the product when ethane reacts with chlorine (in UV light)

chloroethane

Name the product when water reacts with but-1-ene

Butan-2-ol (Markovnikov's rule)

Determine the reactant needed to produce 2-fluoropentane from pent-2-ene

HF

Identify the class of compound produced when a haloalkane undergoes substitution with ammonia (NH3)

Amine

Identify the reactant needed to produce hexanenitrile from 1-chloropentane

KCN

Name the product when 2-chlorobutane reacts with dilute NaOH at room temperature

Butan-2-ol

Haloalkanes can undergo elimination or substitution when reacting with NaOH. Which conditions promote elimination?

High temp, conc NaOH, ethanol solvent

What two classes of organic compounds react to form an ester?

An alcohol and a carboxylic acid

The condensation of a carboxylic acid and an amine produces which type of compound?

Amide

Identfy two reaction types that produce amines

Reduction (of a nitrile) Substitution (of a haloalkane)

Determine the products of the hydrolysis of ethyl propanoate

Ethanol and propanoic acid

Describe two different reactions that could be used to produce propan-2-ol

Hydration of propene (+ H2O) Substitution of 2-halopropane (+ NaOH)

True or false - amides are basic?

False (amines are basic)

The addition of hydrogen to an alkane can also be classified as _____.

Reduction

Identify two differenet products of condensation reactions

Ester + amide

Elimination reactions produce _____ compounds.

Unsaturated

Describe how to test for a primary alcohol.

Add an ox agent (EG KMNO4) - it will change colour

Markovnikov's rule applied to addition reactions with hydrogen halides says that..

the hydrogen atom will be added to the carbon with the greatest number of hydrogen atoms

What is the empirical formula of a monosaccharide?

CH2O

Through which carbons do disaccharides form a glycosidic linkage?

1, 4

B-Glucose polymerises to form which unbranched and insoluble polymer?

Cellulose

a-glucose polymerises to form which unbranched glucose polymer?

Amylose

a-glucose polymerises to form which branched glucose polymer?

Amylopectin

Through which carbons does amylopectin form a glycosidic linkage?

1 & 4 and 1 & 6.

Triglycerides consist of how many fatty acids?

3

What are the products in the reaction between triglycerides and sodium hydroxide?

Glycerol and soap molecules

In relation to water solubility, what is the name given to the carbon chain of a soap molecule?

hydrophobic

In relation to water solubility, what is the name given to the ionic end of a soap molecule?

hydrophilic

Hard water contains high levels of "______"

Metals ions such as Ca2+, Fe2+, Mg2+

What is the name for a monomer of protein?

Amino acid

Name the amino acid without a chiral centre.

Glycine

What is the name given to the form of amino acids where a H+ has been released from the carboxyl group and accepted by the amino group?

Zwitterion

The _______ structure of a protein is the sequence of amino acids.

Primary

The _______ structure of a protein is the local folding of a polypeptide.

Secondary

The _______ structure considers the 3D arrangment of a protein.

Tertiary

The _______ structure considers the final, complete structure fo a protein.

Quarternary

The coiled spring structure where the side chains extend beyond the helix itself is known as ...?

a-helix

These are formed where adjacent polypeptides intereact through H bonding between the peptide bonds

B-pleated sheets

Interactions between side chains of amino acids in a polypeptide chain can be of four forms. Name three.

Ionic bonds, Disulfide bonds, hydrophobic interactions/dispersion forces, hydrophilic interactions/H-bonding

Two major competing theories exist on the workings of enzymes, Name them.

Induced fit model, Lock and Key model

What is the significant difference between the induced fit model and the lock and key model of enzyme action?

The ability of the enzyme to flex.

Name the monomer of polyethylene.

Ethene

The monomer tetrafluoroethene forms which polymer used for coating frypans.

Polytetraflurorethene (PTFE)

Which polymer of polypropylene has the methyl groups on the same side?

isotactic polypropylene. iPP.

Which polymer of polypropylene has the methyl groups randomly distributed along the chain?

atactic polypropylene. aPP.

Which polymer of polypropylene has the methyl groups alternating along the chain?

syntactic polypropylene. sPP.

The monomer of polylactic acid is?

lactic acid

What molecule is eliminated in condensation reactions?

water