YAWA

Type 1 Immunity

uses Th1 cells but also involves in Th17 cells, cytotoxic T cells, group 1 and 3 ILCs, M1 macrophages, as well as IgG, IgM, IgA

Type 2 Immunity

uses Th2, also contains Group 2 ILC, basophils, mast cells, eosinophils, M2 macrophages, and IgE

a/B T cells

highly prevalent and abundant in the immune system making up the majority of T cells; primarily recognize peptide antigens presented by major histocompatibility complex molecules on the surface of APCs or infected cells; central role in adaptive immunity contributing to helper and cytotoxic T cells

y/d T cells

less common within the immune system compared to alpha-beta TCRs, representing a smaller portion of T cell; participate in innate like immune response; responds to tissue damage and infections; immune surveillance and tissue repair

BCR

constructed from multiple peptide chains; can be divided into antigen binding and signaling components, bind with antigens; basta mao na siya naa sa surface sa B cells

Light chains

2 lights chains of mammals are kappa and lambda; has constant domain in C terminal and Variable domain in N terminal

Heavy chains

constructed from 4-5 domains; alpha (IgA), gamma or y (IgG), d or delta (IgD), e or epsilon (IgE), u or mu (IgM) 34. Viriable region – said to be hypervariable

Plasma cells

– secrete antibodies when ab cells is stimulated by antigen; and di uban mahimong memory B cells

Hybridomas

method of creating hybrid cells that can produce specific antibodies against chosen antigen

Monoclonal antibody

– abnormal production causing Myelomas

Germinal centers

– where memory B cells stay, diha mag tambay hulat magka infection and kalawasan; key feature of the humral immune response is the progressive increase in antibody binding affinity over time.

- sites where antigen driven B cell proliferation, somatic mutation, and positive and negative selection of B cell population occurs

Somatic Mutation

BCR v region genes mutates randomly; this repearted mutation generates large numbers of B cells whose BCRs differ from the parent cell

surface regions of large complex molecules that bind to lymphocyte antigen receptors and trigger immune responses

Antigenic determinant or Epitope

Hapten

– small molecules that cannot be processed and presented to the immune system and non-immunogenic (di mo facilitate immune response)

carrier

larger haptens

Antibodies

soluble antigen receptors shed by B cells

IgA

secretions like milk (colostrum); mucosal surfaces, skin, bodily surfaces; 3rd highest; antibody of saliva

IgE

shortest half-life; destroyed by mild heat; triggers acute inflammation; allergic and parasitic infection

IgM

second highest; largest and the first antibody to immune respond; cannot enter tissue fluids

IgD

regulates B cell response pero wala pa jud ni og function na relevant

IgG

highest concentration Ig in blood; can escape blood vessels easily

m cells

microfold cells found in the mucosal lining on the intestines specifically in the peyer’s patches of small intestine and MALT; facilitates uptake and transport of antigens from the gut lumen to immune cells initiating immune response against potential pathogens

Paneth Cells

located in small intestines particularly in ileum; gastrointestinal tract’s defense mechanism and homeostasis; secretes substances that contribute to maintain a healthy gut environment

IELS – Intraepithelial lymphocytes

-early defense of the mucosa; regulates host-microbial interactions in the intestinal mucosa surface; prevents invasion by the commensal microbiota

y/d cells

subsets of T cells within the adaptive immune system

Inductive site – where initial steps of adaptive immune response occur

Effector site – where immune response is executed to combat pathogens and eliminate them

______ – where initial steps of adaptive immune response occur

_______– where immune response is executed to combat pathogens and eliminate them

immune exclusion

when immune system prevents pathogens from entering and infecting a specific site or compartment within the body; IgA and IgM

Immune elimination

when immune system actively recognize and eliminates pathogens that have already entered the body and established an infection; IgE and IgG

Innate Immunity at birth – already available in newborns but less effective than those in adults 68. Adaptive immunity at birth – takes time to become fully functional

_________ – already available in newborns but less effective than those in adults 6

___________ – takes time to become fully functional

IgG

maternal antibody that can be directly pass to the fetus; abundant in colostrum; same silas IgA makitas colostrum

Leukotoxin –

A type of toxin released by bacteria that kills leukocytes,especially granulocytes. The most important are the RTX (repeats in toxins)

Heat shock protein

proteins produced by bacteria in response to stress

Toxoid

They are inactivated toxins used in vaccines. Some bacteria like Tetanus can produce toxins, which can then be modified and used as a vaccine to stimulate the immune system and provide immunity against tetanus.

HYPERSENSITIVY I

– cause from the initial exposure to an allergen leading to IgE production. Reactions include hives, redness, sneezing, wheezing, and the uncommon anaphylaxis.

HYPERSENSITIVY II

targets specific cells or own tissues of the host due to the production of IgG or IgM. These recognize self-antigens or antigens leading to cell destruction or dysfunction. Reactions include autoimmune disease and hemolytic anemia.

HYPERSENSITIVY III

involves the formation of immune complexes which piles up antigen and antibody production. These over-deposit in tissues can led to inflammation and damage of tissues. This can cause immune complex diseases such as systemic lupus erythematosus

HYPERSENSITIVY IV

– mediated by T cells, particularly helper T cells. Late response which can take hours to develop. Reactions may include dermatitis and rejection of organ transplant.

cell mediated immune response

required to protect against fungal infection

interferons

help in limiting the replication of virus and spread of infection in the body.

Antigenic variation

– defense action of viruses they exhibit to alter their surface antigens. The consequence of this is that viruses can evade more parts of the host body destroying or destructing the immune system.

– can change their surface antigens; lisod pangitaon

How Protozoa evade the immune system

they can cover themselves with host-derived molecules

How Helminths evade the immune system

inject saliva into the host

How Arthropods evade the immune system

active immunization

stimulating own immune system to produce a protective immune response, leading to long-term immunity against a specific pathogen

Passive immunization

direct administration of pre-formed antibodies or immune components to provide immediate but temporary protection against a specific pathogen

category I

vaccines containing inactivated recombinant organisms. DNA is isolated from a pathogen and inserted into a bacterium or yeast.

Category II

– vaccines containing live organisms which have deletions of gene or heterologous marker genes. This vaccines can gives effective protection as it block cell invasion of viruses. It is formulated by removal of a gene required for virulence.

Category III –

vaccines containing live expressing heterologous genes of immunization antigens. Opposite of category I. In this category, instead of microorganisms be purified, the recombinant itself is used as a vaccine.

Category IV

other genetically engineered vaccines including polynucleotide vaccines. Injection of DNA encoding vaccine antigens instead of protein antigen. This process uses a bacterial plasmid that act as a vector.