Week 8 Lecture

The two main categories of immune defense are ___ immunity and adaptive immunity.

Innate (nonspecific)

Innate immunity is also called ___ immunity.

Nonspecific

Adaptive immunity is also called ___ immunity.

Specific

The immune system protects the body from pathogens such as bacteria, viruses, fungi, and ___.

Parasites

___ tissue serves as an important physical barrier to microbial infection.

Epithelial (skin/mucous membrane)

A secreted enzyme that helps destroy bacteria is ___.

Lysozyme

Tears and saliva help protect against infection partly because they contain ___.

Lysozyme

The immune system often recognizes foreign cells by detecting pathogen-associated molecular ___.

Patterns (PAMPs)

A well-known PAMP found in gram-negative bacteria is ___.

Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)

Toll-like receptors help the body detect ___.

Pathogens (PAMPs)

Binding of toll-like receptors on dendritic cells and macrophages to bacterial LPS stimulates secretion of ___.

Cytokines

___ help integrate innate and adaptive immune responses.

Cytokines

Cytokines are chemical messengers released by immune ___.

Cells

___ is part of innate immunity and can help destroy pathogens.

Complement (system)

___ are proteins that help protect against viral infection.

Interferons

Alpha and beta interferons help inhibit viral ___ and assembly.

Replication

Interferons are part of ___ immunity.

Innate (nonspecific)

Tumor necrosis factor and interleukins can help stimulate ___.

Inflammation (immune response)

Neutrophils and monocytes are types of ___ blood cells.

White (leukocytes)

Neutrophils and monocytes can leave the bloodstream by a process called ___.

Diapedesis (extravasation)

The movement of leukocytes out of blood vessels into tissues is also called ___.

Extravasation (diapedesis)

The chemical attraction of phagocytes to a site of infection is called ___.

Chemotaxis

The first leukocytes to arrive at an inflamed site are usually ___.

Neutrophils

Monocytes can differentiate into ___ in tissues.

Macrophages

Specialized phagocytic cells in the liver are called ___ cells.

Kupffer

Specialized phagocytic cells in the central nervous system are called ___.

Microglia

Cells that are primarily phagocytic include macrophages, microglia, and ___ cells.

Neutrophils

The local inflammatory response is part of ___ immunity.

Innate (nonspecific)

Mast cells help increase capillary ___ during inflammation.

Permeability

A lack of mast cells would likely reduce capillary ___.

Permeability

Phagocytic leukocytes involved in inflammation generally do not ___ the bloodstream after entering tissues.

Re-enter (return to)

Both innate and adaptive immune processes are important for the inflammatory ___.

Response

Fever can increase neutrophil activity and ___ production.

Interferon

Fever is commonly promoted by cytokines such as IL-1, IL-6, and tumor necrosis ___.

Factor (TNF)

Interferon would ___ typically be expected to directly cause fever in the same way as IL-1 or IL-6.

Not

Lymphocytes are involved in ___ immune responses.

Adaptive (specific)

B lymphocytes are primarily involved in ___ immunity.

Humoral (antibody-mediated)

T lymphocytes are primarily involved in ___-mediated immunity.

Cell

Natural killer cells help combat virally infected cells, transplanted tissue, and ___ cells.

Cancer (tumor)

Monocytes are more associated with ___ and innate defense than with direct adaptive immunity.

Phagocytosis

The cell type that combats most bacterial infections is the ___.

Neutrophil

T lymphocytes in adults are found primarily in the lymph nodes and ___.

Spleen

The ___ is not a secondary lymphoid organ.

Thymus

Secondary lymphoid organs include the spleen, tonsils, and ___ nodes.

Lymph

T lymphocytes mature in the ___.

Thymus

B lymphocytes develop in the bone ___.

Marrow

Small organic molecules that are not antigenic by themselves are called ___.

Haptens

The ability of antibodies to enhance phagocytosis is called ___.

Opsonization

Antibodies are important in adaptive ___ immunity.

Humoral

Antibodies help tag pathogens for destruction by ___ cells.

Phagocytic

Humans have ___ pairs of autosomal chromosomes.

22

A normal human cell contains ___ total chromosomes.

46

A fertilized egg is called a ___.

Zygote

The genetic sex of an offspring is determined by the ___.

Father (sperm / male gamete)

Females have two ___ chromosomes.

X

Males have one X and one ___ chromosome.

Y

A ___ body is found in female somatic cells but not in males.

Barr

___ imprinting allows for differing expression of alleles depending on parental origin.

Genomic

Epigenetic changes involve modifications such as DNA ___.

Methylation

Epigenetic changes ___ be passed on to offspring.

Can

Silencing of a gene through methylation is considered an ___ change.

Epigenetic

The Y chromosome contains genes important for ___ development.

Testis (male)

The SRY gene is responsible for initiating development of the ___.

Testes

Deletion of the SRY gene can cause a genetically male embryo to develop as a ___.

Female

The presence of the SRY gene leads to development of ___.

Testes (male gonads)

The primary sex hormone in males is ___.

Testosterone

Testosterone is produced by ___ cells.

Leydig

Testosterone stimulates development of internal male reproductive ___.

Structures (ducts/organs)

Dihydrotestosterone (DHT) is important for development of ___ genitalia.

External

A lack of testosterone causes the genital tubercle to develop into a ___.

Clitoris

Males with 5-alpha-reductase deficiency have male internal organs but more ___ appearing external genitalia.

Female

Males lacking testosterone receptors may develop ___ external genitalia.

Female

The first event in reproductive system development is the development of the ___ ducts.

Wolffian and Müllerian (both duct systems)

The ___ ducts develop into male internal reproductive structures.

Wolffian (mesonephric)

The ___ ducts develop into female internal reproductive structures.

Müllerian (paramesonephric)

Male development requires regression of the ___ ducts.

Müllerian

Female development requires regression of the ___ ducts.

Wolffian

Female accessory sex organs develop from the ___ ducts.

Müllerian

Estrogen plays a role in development of female reproductive structures, especially during ___.

Puberty

The embryonic urethral folds develop into the ___ in females.

Labia minora

Leydig cells produce ___.

Testosterone

Sertoli cells produce Müllerian ___ factor.

Inhibiting (inhibition)

Müllerian inhibition factor causes regression of the ___ ducts in males.

Müllerian

Blocking DHT in a male fetus would primarily affect development of ___ genitalia.

External

Cryptorchidism refers to failure of the ___ to descend.

Testes

Cryptorchid males still produce ___.

Testosterone

Complete androgen insensitivity syndrome results in individuals with XY chromosomes but ___ appearing external genitalia.

Female

Individuals with androgen insensitivity syndrome have normal chromosomal ___.

Sex (XY / karyotype)

Testosterone is essential for development of male ___ structures.

Internal

DHT is essential for development of male ___ genitalia.

External

Sex differentiation depends on both ___ and hormone action.

Genetics (chromosomes / SRY gene)

In the first step of local inflammation, ________ on the surface of bacteria bind with antibodies

antigens

Activation of ________ cause(s) mast cells to release histamine.

complement

Leukocytes are attracted to certain chemicals produced by bacteria and roll along the wall of the vessel towards them, a process called ________

chemotaxis

Which of the following is an example of a specific immune response?

• Phagocytic cells engulfing debris in a cut

• The skin preventing entry of microbes

• Antibody release in response to a viral strain of influenza

• Acid neutralizing bacteria in the stomach

• Natural killer cells

• Antibody release in response to a viral strain of influenza

Which of the following statements is true regarding the clonal selection theory?

• The primary immune response provides active immunity.

• A primary immune response is much more efficient than a secondary immune response.

• According to the clonal selection theory, B and T lymphocytes can inherit the ability to produce specific antibodies.

• The clonal selection theory explains the primary response mechanisms of the immune response.

• The clonal selection theory explains how passive immunity is acquired.

• According to the clonal selection theory, B and T lymphocytes can inherit the ability to produce specific antibodies.

There are three major groups of phagocytic cells in the body. Some travel throughout the bloodstream, while others are unique to specific organs and keep residence there. Identify all the cells capable of phagocytosis.

Check All That Apply

• Neutrophils

• B lymphocytes

• Natural killer cells

• Monocytes

• Mast cells

• Microglia

• Macrophages

• Neutrophils

• Monocytes

• Microglia

• Macrophages

The first leukocytes to arrive on the site of inflammation or injury are the ______ , followed by ______ which can be transformed into macrophages as they enter the connective tissues.

neutrohpils , monocytes

The male gonads develop in an embryo as a result of _________blank, which is located on the _________blank chromosome.

• ovary-determining factor; X

• testis-determining factor; Y

• testis-determining factor; X

• ovary-determining factor; Y

• testis-determining factor; Y