Sociology Exam 1: Chapters 1-3単語カード | Quizlet

sociology

the scientific study of social interactions and social organization

sociological imagination

the ability to see our private experiences, personal difficulties, and chaievemest as a reflection of the atructural arrangements of society and teh times in which we live

microsociology

the study of what people say and do moment by moment as they live their daily lives

macrosociology

large-scale and long term social processes of organizations, institutions, and broad social patterns

social statics

aspects of social life that have to do with order, stability, and social organization that allow societies and groups to hold together and endure.

social dynamics

the processes of social life that pattern institutional development and have to do with social change

social Darwinism

the concept of survival of the fittest, but in a social context, "fit" patterns of activity survive

class conflict

the view that society is divided into those who own the means of producing wealth and those who do not, giving rise to struggle

dialectical materialism

the motion in Marxist theory that development depends on the clash of contradictions and the creation of more advanced structures out of these clashes

archival research

the use of existing records that have been produced or maintained by persons other than the researcher

constructed reality

each persons experience of the world, derived from the interaction that takes place among people in the course of their lives

control group

group that affords a neutral standard against which the changes in an experimental group can be measured

correlation

a change in one variable associated with a change in another variable

dependent variable

the variable affected in the experiment

dialectical materialism

theory that development depends ont eh clash of contradictions and the creation of new, more advanced structures out of these clashes

dysfunctions

consequences that lessen the adaptation or adjustment of a system

economic determinist

a believer in teh doctrine that economic factors are the primary determinants of the structure of societies and social change

experiment

researchers work with two groups that are identical, apply a change to one and see the effects of dependent and independent variables

experimental group

group in which researchers introduce a change in an experimental setting

functions

observed consequences that permit the adaptation or adjustment of a system

hypothesis

a proposition that can be tested to determine its validity

independent variable

variable that causes an effect in an experimental setting

latent functions

consequences that are neither intended nor recognized by the participants in a system

manifest functions

consequences that are intended and recognized by the participants in a system

operational definition

a definition developed by taking abstract concepts and putting them in a form that permits their measure

participant observation

researchers engage in activities with the people that they are observing

power

the ability to control the behavior of others, even against their will

random sample

researchers select subjects based on change so every person in population has same change of being chosen

secondary data analysis

analysis of data collected by others

social facts

aspects of social lives that connot be explained in terms of biological or mental characteristics of the individual

spurious correlation

the apparent relationship between two variables produced by a their variable that influenced the original variables

stratified random sample

researchers divide a population into relevant categories and draw a random sample from each of the categories

survey

a method of gathering data on peoples perceptions and beliefs derived from interviews or questionnaires

unobtrusive observation

a echnique in which researchers observe the activities of people without participating in the activities

value free sociology

sociologists must not allow their personal biases to affect the conduct of the scientific research

variable

something scientists think influences something else

Verstehen

an approach in which sociologists mentally attempt to place themselves in teh shoes of other people and identify what they think and feel

achieved status

a status that individuals secure on the basis of choice and competition

aggregate

a collection of anonymous people who are in one place at the same time

ascribed status

a status assigned to an individual by a group or society

category

a collection of people who share a characteristic that is deemed to be of social significance

counterculture

a subculture whose norms and values and substantially at odds with those of the larger society

cultural relativism

a value-free approach that views the behavior of a people from the perspective of their own culture

cultural universals

recurrent aspects of culture and life that appear in all societies

culture

the social heritage of people: learned patterns of thinking feeling, and acting

duties

actions that others can legitimately insist that we perform

ethnocentrism

tendency to judge the behavior of other groups by the standards of our own culture

folkways

norms people do not deem to be of great importance and to which they exact less stringent conformity

institutions

principal instruments which the esential tasks of living are organized and directed

language

a structured system of sound patterns with specific means

laws

rules that are enorced by a special political organization composed of individuals who enjoy the right to use force

master status

a key status that carries primary weight in a persons interactions and relationships with others

mores

norms to which people attach a good deal of importance to and exact strict conformity

norms

social rules that specify appropriate and inapporopriate behavior in given situations

rights

action we can legitimately insist that others perform

role

a set of expectations that define the behavior people view as appropriate and inappropriate fo rthe occupant of a status

role conflict

the situation in which individuals are confronted with conflicting expectations stemming from their simultaneous occupancy of two or more statuses

role exit

occurs when people stop playing roles that have been central to their social identities

role performance

the actual behavior of the person who occupies a status

role set

the multiple roles associated with a single status

role strain

the situation in which individuals find the expectations of a single role incompatible, so they have difficulty performing the role

social structure

the interweaving of peoples interactions and relationships in more or less recurraent and stable patterns

society

a group of people who ive within the same territory and share a common culture

status

a position within a group or society, a location in a social structure

subculture

a group whose members participate in the main culture of a society while simultaneously sharing a number of unique values norms traditions and lifestyles

symbols

acts or objects that have come to be socially accepted as standing for something else

values

broad ideas regarding what is dsirable, correct, and good that most members of a society share

age norms

rules that define what is appropriate for people to be and do at various ages

anticipatory socialization

the process in which people think about, experiment with, and try on the behaviors associated with a new role

body language

physical motions and gestures that provide social signals

communication

process by which people transmit information, ideas, attitudes, and mental states to one another

conditioning

a form of learning in which the consequences of behavior determine the probability of its future occurance

definition of the situation

the interpretation or meaning people give to their immediate circumstances

dramaturgical approach

a perspective viewing the performances staged in a theater as an analogy and tool for depicting social life

egocentric bias

the tendency to place ourselves at the center of events so that we overperceive ourselves as the victim or target of an action that is not really directed at us

euthanasia

painlessly putting to death of an individual who suffers from an incurable and painful disease

generalized other

the social unit that gives individuals their unity in society. The attitude of the generalized other is the attitude of the larger community.

hospice

a program or mode of care that attempts to make the dying experience less painful and emotionally traumatic for patients and their families

impression management

the process by which we present ourselves to others in ways that will lead them to view us in a favorable light

language acquisition device

humans have an inborn language-generating mechanism, the basic structure of our ability to use language is biological

life course

the interweave of age-graded trajectories with the vicissitudes of changing social conditions and future options that characterize the life spance from conception to death

looking glass self

the process by which we imaginatively assume the stance of other people and view ourselves as we believe they see us

observational learning

learning that occurs when people reproduce the responses they observe in other people, also know as modeling or imitation

paralanguage

nonverbal cues surrounding speech - voice, pitch, colume, pace, pauses, sighs - that provide information

personal efficacy

the belief that one can overcome obstacles and achieve goals

proxemics

the way we employ social and personal space to transmit messages

puberty rites

initiation ceremonies that symbolize the transition from childhood to adulthood.

reflected appraisals

appraisals of ourselves that we see reflected in the behavior of others

reflexive behavior

actions through which people observe, interpret, evaluate, and attempt to control themselves

self

the set of concepts we use in defining who we are

self conception

an overriding view of ourselves; a sense of self through time

self esteem

the belief that one is a good and valuable person

self image

a picture we have of oursleves that is relatively temporary, changes as we move from one context to another

significant other

a social model, usually an important person in someones life

social clock

a cultural timetable based on age norms and used by individuals to pace the major events of life

social comparisons

comparing one's performance, ability, or characteristics with those of tohers and rating onesself as positive, neutral, or negative

socialization

a process of social interaction by which people acquire the knowledge, attitudes, values, and behaviors essential for effective participation in society

Thomas theorem

the notion that our difinitions influence our construction of reality, by WilliamThomas