PTH 655_Exam Material (Full Semester)

Describe what composes an adult learner:

Life-centered readiness to learn; self-directed, internally motivated; independent self-concept; brings prior experiences; and learns best when topics are relevant

What does COVER mean?

Choice, ownership, voice, experience, and relevance

What is concrete experience?

Feeling

What is accommodating?

Feel and do

What is diverging?

Feel and watch

What is active experimentation?

Doing

What is reflective observation?

Watching

What is converging?

Think and do

What is assimilating?

Think and watch

What is abstract conceptualisation?

Thinking

What engages the brain to do rehearsal, elaboration, consolidation/storage?

Hippocampus and pre-frontal cortex

What is rehearsal?

Using repetition

What is rehearsal useful for?

Learning motor skills

What does rehearsal create?

Procedural memories

What is elaboration?

Manipulates information for improved storage and deeper contextual understanding

Examples of elaboration?

Stories, mnemonics, song, discussion/debate, debriefs, “teach-back”

What does the brain need to keep it balanced?

Both positive and negative emotions

Does the brain need stress?

Yes

What does practicing a technique in a constant condition look like?

Predictable, unopposed or very limited pressure

What does practicing techniques and skill in a variable condition look like?

Fairly unpredictable; can be unopposed or part opposed

What are the stages of motor learning?

Cognitive, associative, and autonomous

What does a needs assessment help?

Make you a more effective clinician, teacher, and learner

What are the main questions the audience asks?

Why should I pay attention to you? What is important/relevant? What are the facts? So what? What are the implications? What if…? How can this info be reorganized to meet my needs?

What should you tell your audience when they are subconsciously asking all the questions?

How learning will occur, what they can expect to learn, why it’s important for them to learn it, how learning will be evaluated, and who you are and what your credentials are

Role of the amygdala?

Evaluates sensory information, detects threats in the environment, plays a role in attention, learning, and behavior, and contributes to attaching emotional context to memory of an experience

Role of the hypothalamus?

Initiates physiological responses associated with fight or flight/freeze

Role of hippocampus?

Helps with formation and retrieval of memories prior to them being consolidated and stored as LTM (long term memory)

Role of basal ganglia?

Helps with movement initiation and formation of memories related to skills, habits, and routine behaviors

Role of thalamus?

Relay station. Almost all afferent sensory data except for smell goes through here before being relayed to other parts of the brain

Role of prefrontal cortex?

Helps coordinate and integrate our every function

Role of cerebellum?

Coordination of thought

What is the cognitive domain?

Advancement of knowledge over time

What are learning objectives?

A statement of what students out to be able to do as a consequence of instruction

What is creating in Bloom’s taxonomy?

Use info to create something new: design, build, plan, construct, produce, devise, or invent

What is evaluating in Bloom’s taxonomy?

Critically examine information and make judgments: judge, critique, test, defend, or criticize

What is analyzing in Bloom’s taxonomy?

Take information apart and explore relationships: categorize, examine, organize, compare/contrast

What is applying in Bloom’s taxonomy?

Use information in a new (but similar) form: use, diagram, make a chart, draw, apply, solve, calculate

What is understanding in Bloom’s taxonomy?

Understanding and making sense out of information: interpret, summarize, explain, infer, paraphrase, or discuss

What is remembering in Bloom’s taxonomy?

Find or remember information: list, find, name, identify, locate, describe, memorize, or define

What domain is Bloom’s taxonomy a part of?

Cognitive

What is origination in the psychomotor domain?

Develop new and creative motor patterns to meet unique situational demands: design, originates, combines, composes, or constructs

What is adaptation in the psychomotor domain?

Proficient in performance, begins to adapt performance based on situational needs: adapts, reorganizes, alters, revises, changes

What is complex overt response in the psychomotor domain?

Performs complex skills with proficiency, accuracy, and speed (nearly) automatically: act habitually, advance with assurance, control, excel, guide

What is mechanism in regards to the psychomotor domain?

Performs a skill with some degree of confidence and proficiency: complete with confidence

What is guided response in the psychomotor domain?

The learner can imitate complex skills: copy, duplicate, imitate, manipulate, guidance, operate under supervision, practice, repeat, try

What is set in the psychomotor domain?

The learner is mentally, physically, and emotionally ready to take action: achieve a posture, assume a body stance, establish a body, place hands

What is perception in the psychomotor domain?

The learner can use sensory cues to help guide movements: detect, hear, listen, observe, perceive, recognize, see, sense, smell, taste, view, or watch

What is characterizing in the affective domain?

Acts consistently due to an internal belief. Can articulate a philosophy or world-view. Can break down complex situations and respond accordingly based on values and develops and lives by a code of personal behavior

What is organizing in the affective domain?

Values become systematic. Can compare and contrast values and choices. Begins to order and prioritize values. Chooses to commit to certain values and behaviors

What is valuing in the affective domain?

Motivated to invest. Chooses to behave in a certain way frequently. Begins to identify with a behavior and commit to it

What is responding in the affective domain?

Willingly participating, obedient, volunteers, finds satisfaction in participating, ready to respond

What is receiving/attending in the affective domain?

Willing to be aware of the setting or situation, gives attention by choice, and/or open to the experience

How do you know if a learning objective has been achieved?

Goals

How much processing time is required when exposing the learner to information for the first time?

More time

When a learner is integrating and applying information presented, how much processing time is required?

Typically less

What is skill acquisition?

Processing information via sufficient practice is required

How much to chunk at once?

2-7 bits of information

What is rote learning?

Memorization of information, repetition and recall, surface understanding, and only one correct answer

What is critical thinking?

Analysis and evaluation, exploring new ideas, in-depth comprehension, and multiple solutions

What are the qualities of the motivational hook?

Evokes emotion, establishes rapport, builds interest, energizes listener, and is personally relevant

What are content boosters?

Techniques, materials, and activities used to reinforce learning; they help with information processing

What are hooks?

Provided before content is delivered and works to gain attention and set the stage for the information being provided; they can engage multiple types of learners/learning styles at once

What are boosters?

Reinforce content as its delivered and integrates older concepts/content with new materials

What are active learning strategies?

Techniques, materials, activities that you use to reinforce learning and allow for processing of the information

Does familiarity = mastery?

No of course not

What is examination?

What tests and measures will I consider to help me determine a change in patient status?

What is evaluation?

How did I determine this diagnosis?

What is diagnosis?

What assumptions do I have about this diagnosis and about patients with this diagnosis?

What is prognosis?

What factors am I missing that might be impacting my patient’s prognosis?

What is interventions/POC?

Which interventions were most and least effective this session/last session? Why was it not effective?

What is outcomes?

Given another opportunity, how would I modify my interventions to better meet my patient’s goals?

What is focused learning? Examples?

List 6 steps to instructional design; in 1 minute, list 5 ways to boost content; or list 7 words related to instructional design

What is culture?

A system of shared beliefs, values, customs, behaviors, and artifacts that the members of the society use to cope with their world and with one another, and that are transmitted from generation to generation…it includes not only patterns of behavior, but patterns of thought

What does it mean to be culturally competent?

Being aware of, and responsive to, a patient’s unique cultural perspectives and backgrounds; valuing patient and family preferences, values, cultural traditions, language, and respecting SES. Overall, providing patient-centered care

What is cultural destructiveness?

Forced assimilation, destructive to a cultural group; refusing equal access

What is cultural incapacity?

Racism, inability to respond to diverse group’s needs; infers stereotypical viewpoints: “you know how they are”

What is cultural blindness?

Ignoring differences; “I don’t see color”

What is cultural pre-competence?

Explore cultural issues, assess and respond to needs of culturally and linguistically diverse populations; note pt body language and family dynamics, hire diverse staff, performs community outreach

What is cultural competency?

Recognize differences, seek advice from diverse groups, accept and respect others

What is cultural proficiency?

Implement change to improve services, add to knowledge base of the field, mentor others; practices based on unique patient needs, promote equitable healthcare, and conducts research to add to patient-centered care

What is involved with cultural humility?

Desire, knowledge, skills, awareness, and encounters

What is unconscious incompetence?

“I don’t know that I don’t know”

What is conscious incompetence?

“I know that I don’t know”

What is conscious competence?

“I know that I know”

What is unconscious competence?

“I don’t know that I know”

What is health literacy?

The degree to which individuals have the information needed to make appropriate health decisions

How many adults are below a basic literacy level"?

38%

What does below basic mean?

Ranges between non-literate in English to being able to perform the most simple and concrete literacy tasks

What is basic literacy?

Performs simple everyday literacy tasks

What is intermediate literacy?

Performs moderately challenging literacy tasks

What is proficient literacy?

Performs complex and challenging literacy tasks

How much does low health literacy increase the likelihood of hospitalization?

4 times

Strengths of the silent generation?

Prioritize work, conform, loyal, detail-oriented, hardworking, and self-reliant

Challenges to the silent generation?

Prioritizes work>family, change is hard, cautious, tech-challenged

Preferred learning strategies for the silent generation?

Handouts, brochures, and structure

Strengths for the baby boomers?

Prioritize work, idealistic, dedicated, hard-working, team-oriented, enjoy learning. They work well under pressure

Challenges to the baby boomers?

Competitive, egocentric, need significant dialogue/rapport. They are sensitive to feedback and are judgmental

Preferred learning strategies for the baby boomers?

Detailed handouts, lectures, written expectations, debate, group discussion

Strengths for gen x?

Pragmatic, independent, resourceful, adaptive, good at multitasking. They prioritize leisure over work, value learning, and skill-building

Challenges to gen x?

No tolerance for wasting time, for info deemed irrelevant or group work, expect instant feedback. Cynical