PSYC 326 Chapter 9 Unit 3 Exam

The Centers for Disease Control has published recent data based on a survey of U.S. high school students who have been involved in hazardous, on-campus behaviors. What is the most common experience that these students have reported?

a. Weapons

b. Physical fights

c. Bullying

d. Unwanted sexual contact

b. Physical fights

Rodney, who is 8, annoys the other children in class. His half-brother is 19 and his mother works late, so they are "not there for him." How can you see his behavior as functional, even positive, before attempting to modify it?

a. Rodney has some form of attention deficit, which will make it easier to diagnose his behavior.

b. Rodney's behavior is clearly nonviolent and you can feel safe working with him.

c. Rodney's behavior suggests that he has an innate friendliness that can be redirected.

d. Rodney's looking for attention may be an adaptation to overcome loneliness or neglect.

d. Rodney's looking for attention may be an adaptation to overcome loneliness or neglect.

For the teenage child with who has been in and out of detention centers, halfway houses, and foster homes, what makes helping them challenging?

a. Society increasingly wants such children treated as adults and facing adult penalties and rehabilitation.

b. Modern juvenile detention facilities have become part of the adult prison system.

c. Older children with conduct problems and antisocial behavior are more often subject to arrest.

d. In many cases, such children will become adults after they have committed a crime.

a. Society increasingly wants such children treated as adults and facing adult penalties and rehabilitation.

Like some learning disabilities, most children with antisocial behaviors see their problems __________ throughout childhood.

a. increase

b. level off

c. go unnoticed

d. diminish

d. diminish

Although most children commit some act of antisocial behavior, the most extreme cases are estimated to be __________, which is still a worrisome statistic.

a. over a half million

b. 1 million

c. 10 percent of all children

d. 5 percent of all children

d. 5 percent of all children

The legal definition of "delinquency" involves which two components?

a. Antisocial behavior and law breaking

b. apprehension and court contact

c. A criminal act and a child over the age of 5 years old

d. A property crime and a violent crime

b. apprehension and court contact

Recall the chart that categorizes conduct problems into four basic types with a range of extremes (i.e., destructive, nondestructive, covert, and overt). Colin keyed his mother's Mercedes Benz in the garage because she wouldn't let him play "Carmeggedon." Then he tried to cover it up with touchup paint. How would you categorize his behavior as delinquency?

a. Destructive oppositional behavior

b. Covert status violation

c. Covert, destructive property violation

d. Overt cruel aggression

c. Covert, destructive property violation

A new Cincinnati Police task force met with school psychologists and parents whose minor children had experienced opioid addiction. Which strategy for curbing this kind of antisocial behavior does this encounter best exemplify?

a. Public health perspective

b. Psychological perspective

c. Psychiatric perspective

d. Parent-professional stakeholder initiative

a. Public health perspective

The three dimensions include each of the following except ________..

a. defiance

b. negative affect

c. hurtful behavior

d. angry-irritable effect

d. angry-irritable effect

n many intervention scenarios, the parent is an important part of the child's therapy. For a child diagnosed with conduct disorder, why might a foster home serve as an appropriate safe place until the parent or parents can help (or learn how to help)?

a. A foster home might be needed if the child's home environment is not conducive to his or her welfare.

b. Parents are often emotionally drained and unwilling to assist professionals.

c. Most children with CD are delinquents and state and local jurisdictions require a foster home or halfway house.

d. The parents often have criminal records and require discrete forms of treatment before they can "do their children any good."

a. A foster home might be needed if the child's home environment is not conducive to his or her welfare.

If a child is diagnosed with CD, why is often important to treat or monitor him or her into adulthood?

a. As an adult, the child has a high probability of becoming a sociopath.

b. As an adult, the child has a 40 percent chance of developing antisocial personality disorder.

c. CD is a precursor of APD, with a nearly 90 percent chance of the child exhibiting psychopathic features in his or her behavior.

d. The likelihood that the child will segue into a psychopathic adult, with many of the menacing features associated with career criminals, is virtually certain.

b. As an adult, the child has a 40 percent chance of developing antisocial personality disorder.

Recall diagnosing Bart Simpson for CD. Given what you know about him based on his list of anti-social acts, which clinical observation suggests there is "hope for the boy"?

a. Bart's rapport with Grandpa Simpson.

b. Bart is nothing but a "classic trickster."

c. Bart lacks the characteristics of a CU interpersonal style.

d. Bart has friends.

c. Bart lacks the characteristics of a CU interpersonal style.

Which child best represents an early manifestation of a deficiency in prosocial emotions?

a. Quinten, 11, will stand in front of his mother's car when he doesn't want her to take him to school on test days.

b. Betty, 13, claims that Will, a classmate, touched her inappropriately. It is found out later he did not.

c. Charlie, 16, has been suspended from Biology 101. He steals and buries the preserved animals used by his fellow students because he doesn't think it's morally right.

d. Carl, 5, punches David for no reason in the back of the head. Carl will not apologize. He says, "I don't want to care!"

d. Carl, 5, punches David for no reason in the back of the head. Carl will not apologize. He says, "I don't want to care!"

The co-occurrence of _________ is commonly associated with a lower IQ, academic problems, and an increased risk for CD.

a. criminal behavior

b. SLD

c. ADHD

d. antisocial disorder (AD)

c. ADHD

Ahmed has a speech impediment and his father is under a restraining order that he has violated on numerous occasions. Ahmed has been suspended from school for the third time this year for disruptive behavior when he becomes frustrated at not being understood. Why are these suspensions doing more harm than good in ending these worrisome incidents?

a. Ahmed has to deal with his verbal deficit and a serious problem on the home front that needs to be factored into further suspensions.

b. Suspending Ahmed is exposing him to a possibly violent father.

c. Ahmed's case reveals how verbal and language deficits contribute to a range of developmental setbacks.

d. Suspensions are lowering Ahmed's sense of self-esteem.

a. Ahmed has to deal with his verbal deficit and a serious problem on the home front that needs to be factored into further suspensions.

Researchers have ruled out this factor as a primary cause of CD because incidents of disruptive behavior can occur at daycare, preschool, and in the home.

a. Delinquent siblings

b. Ethnicity

c. Socioeconomic status

d. The classroom experience and the academic demands

d. The classroom experience and the academic demands

Carla admitted to the school psychologist, "I feel like I have had postpartum depression since the day Nicole was born. She can't get mad at me, but she can get mad at school." What current understanding suggests a connection between Nicole's negative emotions and her mother?

a. If a mother is depressed early in her life, research suggests there is greater risk for CD.

b. The percentage of children suffering from high negative emotionality is higher when the mother suffered from postpartum depression

c. Children who develop CDs actually have a form of sympathetic depression.

d. Antisocial behavior is directly related to maternal neglect.

a. If a mother is depressed early in her life, research suggests there is greater risk for CD.

Given that serotonin has a beneficial effect, which of the following examples would be the most plausible observable personality trait (phenotype) for a child with a genetic resilience to being bullied from the 5-HTT gene? Why might they not suffer as much from being bullied?

a. Bullied children with the 5-HTT gene have an internalized ability to heal their emotional wellbeing.

b. Such children have a naturally serene quality.

c. Children with elevated levels of serotonin are more likely to interpret a bully as funny, not really intending malice.

d. Such bullied children would experience less anxiety or fear when during such a negative experience and in the aftermath.

d. Such bullied children would experience less anxiety or fear when during such a negative experience and in the aftermath.

It is generally accepted that __________ of children with conduct disorder (CD) also have attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).

a. 75 percent

b. 25 percent

c. two-thirds

d. over half

d. over half

Research suggests that children with conduct disorder, especially in severe forms, __________.

a. suggests that both ADHD and CD are the same disorder

b. typically experience the various indications for ADHD first

c. have cognitive impairments attributed to neurodevelopmental abnormalities

d. are predisposed to ADHD

b. typically experience the various indications for ADHD first

An estimated __________ percent of young people with conduct problems will also receive diagnoses of depression or anxiety.

a. 45

b. 50

c. 25

d. 75

b. 50

Leon, a child with conduct disorder, takes small objects that that are not his (e.g. a toy, a crayon, a yogurt cup) from his fellow students. However, when confronted by another child, Leon will cry rather than argue with the child or threaten her. Which negative mood symptom might prevent his conduct problem from segueing into fighting or lying?

a. Depression

b. Anxiety

c. Passive-aggressive behavior

d. Internalizing

b. Anxiety

Which of the following conduct problems is more prevalent in childhood?

a. Conduct disorder

b. CD with ADHD

c. Oppositional defiance disorder

d. ADHD with ODD

c. Oppositional defiance disorder

Trina is 15. Her mother allows her to sleep with her boyfriend at home because it is a "safe place." Trina, however, thinks her mother is being "creepy" and disobeyed her until the police brought her home for engaging in a sexual act. How should Trina's behavior be treated?

a. Trina's engaging in sexual misbehavior, which is an indirect form antisocial behavior, is typical of her gender.

b. Her sexual misconduct will likely result in Trina becoming pregnant at an early age.

c. Trina exhibits how the gender disparity in children with a CD begins to narrow at her age.

d. Even though her mother is permissive about sex, an objective therapist should treat Trina's oppositional behavior first.

d. Even though her mother is permissive about sex, an objective therapist should treat Trina's oppositional behavior first.

Which of the following is early predictor of antisocial behavior?

a. Being diagnosed with ADHD

b. Fear of new situations

c. Stealing money from other children

d. Nursing beyond the age of 3

b. Fear of new situations

Compared to children on adolescent-limited (AC) path, children on the life-course-persistent (LCP) path __________.

a. are more subject to peer influences and belong to gangs

b. display more aggressive forms of antisocial behavior

c. become "career criminals"

d. experience a marked drop in less serious or "victimless" antisocial behaviors (e.g., vandalism, shoplifting) seen in the teenage years, as the bell curve shows

b. display more aggressive forms of antisocial behavior

Most child delinquents cease being active offenders in their 20s. As adults, however, they should they consider seeking professional treatment, counseling, and the like. Why?

a. As adults, they are more likely to use recreational drugs and resort to alcoholism.

b. As adults, they have increased risks for other kinds of problems related to their antisocial behavior.

c. Although their police records are technically "cleaned," such records will nevertheless follow them throughout the course of their lives. This leads to deficiencies in self-esteem.

d. As adults, they tend to suffer from depression.

b. As adults, they have increased risks for other kinds of problems related to their antisocial behavior.

Why have psychologists abandoned various single-cause theories for conduct problems?

a. None of these theories serve to explain the diversity in antisocial behavior.

b. The theory of an innate cause has been superseded by other theories that emphasize learned behaviors.

c. Actually, psychologists and researcher have refined the single-cause theories into various sub-theories.

d. The theory that relies on learned behaviors has been replaced by theories that see a genetic cause.

a. None of these theories serve to explain the diversity in antisocial behavior.

Shannon, 16, was adopted by the Smith family when she was an infant. She recently discovered parallels between her stealing money for drugs and and her birth mother, who died of a heroin overdose 10 years earlier. What might the family's psychologist tell the Smiths about the challenges facing their daughter as she recovers?

a. Shannon's conduct issues may have as much to do with how she was raised as it does hereditary factors.

b. More information is needed about the birth mother's relatives to be sure that there is a hereditary problem and that specialized forms of treatment are required.

c. Shannon's stealing and drug use can be attributed to undeniably hereditary factors.

d. The Smiths should inform their daughter of her birth mother's background.

a. Shannon's conduct issues may have as much to do with how she was raised as it does hereditary factors.

Research has shown that a mother's substance abuse during pregnancy and the antisocial behavior of her child __________.

a. are directly related

b. should be taken into consideration as a reason to discontinue such substance abuse (e.g., smoking, drinking alcohol).

c. suggest the strong possibility of an unknown biological transmission of antisocial behavior

d. are not directly related

d. are not directly related

When a child responds to being disciplined by an uptick in his or her antisocial behavior, it could be attributed to __________ in the brain.

a. low arousal and low reactivity

b. an inability to experience pain

c. an inability to sense fear

d. a stress-regulating defense mechanism

a. low arousal and low reactivity

Megan explained to her psychologist why she runs away. "I just don't feel like I'm one of them." When asked to explain "them," she describes her parents, her family's church, her being taken out of public school and being forced to attend a Christian high school, and so on. What theory best describes what Megan has disclosed?

a. The attachment theory

b. The insecure bond theory

c. The independence theory

d. The coercion theory

a and d

What is one advantage that family therapy has over Outward Bound for Oswaldo, whose father is unemployed and his mother is a cashier at Whole Foods?

a. Children whose parents live at home should be referred to a qualified family therapist.

b. Many state and local governments will subsidize such therapy as long as there is no police record.

c. Many jurisdictions mandate family therapy and in-office visits as the first step.

d. Family therapy is usually more affordable.

d. Family therapy is usually more affordable.

Oswaldo's parents agree to a course in parent management training (PMT). The father tends to be too lenient with Oswaldo and the other too strict. So, Oswaldo received mixed messages about his truancy, bullying, and other antisocial behaviors. How might PMT help this family?

a. A family therapist can address how the mother and father react differently to Oswaldo's behavior and show all three "what page they need to be on—the same one."

b. PMT is particularly useful in showing how overly disciplining a child is counterproductive.

c. PMT will show the father that his leniency (e.g. the father sees Oswaldo's bullying as "standing up for himself") is really positive reinforcement.

d. Family therapy with PMT will show both parents systematic methods of rewarding good behaviors and punishing the bad.

A, B, D

Lilly tells her therapist, "All the other girls hate me anyway." Her therapist responds, "Maybe they won't if you stop hitting and teasing them. Did you ever think that what you're doing is not getting you anywhere?" What is Lilly's therapist trying to do with such advice in the context of problem-solving skills training (PSST)?

a. Lilly's therapist is trying to find a point of empathy, where Lilly understands why the other girls are hostile toward her.

b. Lilly's therapist is relying on one of the milestones recommended by the Fast Track intervention.

c. Lilly's therapist is attempting to devalue her aggression, showing her that it is not having the desired effect.

d. Lilly's therapist is suggesting the Golden Rule, which is fundamental to PSST.

A, B, C

Fast Track program monitors and intervenes with children for high-risk of antisocial behavior __________.

a. from elementary school through high school

b. from early childhood to adolescence

c. from kindergarten to tenth grade

d. from 1 to 10 years old

c. from kindergarten to tenth grade

Link (short for Lincoln) is combative at school. The psychologist asks him about his mother's boyfriend. "Does he pick on you? Hit you sometimes?" Why might she ask these questions?

a. The school psychologist is required to ask from a list of questions to categorize the type of conduct disorder Link has.

b. The school psychologist knows that such men are resentful of children by other fathers.

c. Children from broken homes tend to be more prone to violent behavior.

d. The school psychologist is looking for the source of Link's maladaptive behavior.

d. The school psychologist is looking for the source of Link's maladaptive behavior.

Which age group is more often reported for antisocial behaviors?

a. Grade school students

b. High school students

c. Toddlers and preschoolers

d. Middle school student

c. Toddlers and preschoolers

Which of the four categories of conduct problems has the highest risk for later psychiatric problems and impairments in functioning?

a. Overt-destructive

b. Oppositional-destructive

c. Covert-nondestructive

d. Covert-destructive

a. Overt-destructive

On average, a child with conduct problems can cost the public __________ per year.

a. $50,000

b. $10,000

c. $15,000

d. $5,000

b. $10,000

The average lifetime cost to society for a youth with conduct problems once he or she leaves high school has been estimated to be __________, especially if he or she becomes involved in criminal activities or drug abuse.

a. $5.5 million to $7.2 million adjusted for inflation

b. $3.2 million to $5.5 million

c. $1 million

d. $500,000

b. $3.2 million to $5.5 million

The dimension of externalizing behavior consists of two subdimensions, labeled "rule-breaking behavior" and "__________" behavior.

a. antisocial

b. aggressive

c. criminal

d. destructive

b. aggressive

Which of the following symptoms is rare or nonexistent for children diagnosed with ODD?

a. Getting even with other children

b. Argues with other children

c. Getting even with adults

d. Violent interactions with other children involving physical contact

d. Violent interactions with other children involving physical contact

When making a diagnosis for severity, a therapist must also __________.

a. provide an average specifier each symptom

b. indicate which symptom cluster is predominant and give it a specifier

c. indicate whether the symptoms specify mild, moderate, or severe ODD

d. determine if the child meets each criterion

A and C

What is the primary difference between oppositional defiant disorder and conduct disorder?

a. Children with oppositional defiant disorder are less violent than children with conduct disorder.

b. Children with oppositional defiant disorder will only inflict physical pain on themselves (e.g., "cutters").

c. Children with conduct disorder differ in that there is a criterion for inflicting physical pain.

d. Children with conduct disorder inflict greater psychological pain on other children.

c. Children with conduct disorder differ in that there is a criterion for inflicting physical pain.

Later in life, antisocial personality disorder (APD) can be a companion disorder to __________.

a. ADHD

b. MDD

c. CD

d. ODD

c. CD

Since many children enter school with preexisting conduct problems, such evidence suggests that __________.

a. the academic environment should be the first point of prevention

b. they will face many academic problems due to their preexisting learning disability

c. conduct problems are not the primary cause of academic failure

d. conduct problems are a secondary cause for academic failure

c. conduct problems are not the primary cause of academic failure

What kind of IQ is lower in children with conduct disorder and how does it affect them?

a. Verbal IQ is lower and may affect a child's ability to understand language.

b. Emotional IQ is lower, which has a negative on emotion regulation and empathy.

c. Performance IQ is lower and this affects a child's academic performance.

d. Verbal IQ is lower and may interfere with self-control, regulating their own emotions, and empathizing with those of others

a. Verbal IQ is lower and may affect a child's ability to understand language.

Dean asks, "So, let me get this straight, your stepfather is the one who gives you the strap? But your mother is too sad to punish you herself. Doing so 'depresses' her 'even more than I already am about you'?" Roberto nods in the affirmative to the therapist. What type of family disturbance best describes the corporal punishment being applied to Roberto?

a. Both specific and general family disturbance

b. A specific disturbance in parenting practices and family functioning

c. Neither a specific nor general family disturbance

d. A general family disturbance

a. Both specific and general family disturbance

What form of anxiety increases the risk for conduct problems?

a. Suicidal ideation

b. High cortisol level

c. Shyness and fear

d. Negative emotionality and social avoidance

d. Negative emotionality and social avoidance

For most children with conduct disorder, the nature of their antisocial behaviors over time __________.

a. become more covert

b. become new and different

c. become steadily worse if they go unnoticed by caregivers, teachers, and the like

d. essentially remains the same, but manifests itself in different ways

b. become new and different

While antisocial behavior in girls is typically nonviolent in nature, about __________ percent of teenage girls are involved in one violent act, such as beating up another girl, whether alone or in a gang.

a. 25

b. 50

c. 10

d. 20

a. 25

The real concern about exposure to media violence, whether on television or online, is that it __________.

a. makes children see violence as normal

b. causes "copycat" behavior

c. it will desensitize children to the suffering of real people

d. leads to pathologically antisocial behaviors (e.g., bringing guns to school) and violence toward girls and women (e.g., rape)

A,C

Most theories of social disorganization see dysfunctional community structures having an initial impact on the __________.

a. income of the caregiver that, in turn, leads to financial stressors, which the child experiences as neglect, abuse, malnutrition, and like negative impacts

b. child's development and sense of wellbeing

c. family processes that, in turn, negatively affect the child's development

d. school system

c. family processes that, in turn, negatively affect the child's development

The "two-pronged" approach to effective interventions for children who are at-risk for conduct disorders or who have early-onset antisocial behavior includes early prevention and __________.

a. multisystemic therapy

b. parent management training

c. problem-solving skills training

d. intervention as well as ongoing interventions

d. intervention as well as ongoing interventions

Although the Fast Track program achieved its intended long-term goals for adulthood, it did not have as much impact on __________.

a. preventing substance abuse

b. severe antisocial behavior

c. reducing psychopathic behaviors

d. enhancing life functioning

d. enhancing life functioning

many young people admit to ......

doing antisocial acts

antisocial behaviors appear then decline during normal development

.....

the most ________ in early childhood maintain their relative standing over time

physically aggressive

what gender is more aggressive in childhood

boys

what gender is more aggressive in adolescents

same in girls and boys

legal

juvenile delinquency

psychological

continuous dimensions

Psychiatric

DSM- Diagnosis

conduct problems fal on a

continuous dimension

externalizing dimension

rule-breaking behavior (running away, substance use)

aggressive behaviors (fighting, threatening others)

Overt

observable and confrontational antisocial acts

Overt has

reactive

proactive

Overt reactive

physical violence or property destruction in response to threat or frustration occurs because children are impulsive

Overt proactive

deliberate, uses aggression to obtain desired goal (bullying, learn through reinforcement, and modeling

Covert

do not involve physical aggression (leaving house without permission)

destructive

acts such as cruelty to animals, property destruction

nondestructive

arguing or irritability at others

conduct problems can be categorized under 4 areas

covert and destructive behaviors

overt and destructive behaviors

covert and typically non-destructive

both overt and non-destructive

covert and destructive behaviors

property violations, reflected in property destruction and theft

overt and destructive behaviors

Aggression, reflected in bullying and fighting

covert and typically non-destructive

rule violations that are like running away from home or signs of comorbid substance use (conduct disorder)

both overt and non-destructive

oppositional and defiant behaviors (ODD)

what % of children are referred for mental health treatment

50%

Definition of ODD, CD, and Intermittent explosive disorder

age inappropriate actions and attitudes that violate family expectations, societal norms, and personal or property rights of others

ODD and CD have been found to predict

future psychopathology and enduring impairment in life functioning

CD stands out as the strongest predictor of

negative outcomes in adult functioning

psychological=

dimensional

measures of externalizing behaviors in adolescents are better predictors of adult outcomes

psychiatric=

categorial

validity for classifying CD and ODD and different patterns of behavioral outcomes

In preschool and toddler age

normal to find increase in oppositional and defiant behaviors

3 signs behavior is problematic or clinically significant

1. number & frequency of disruptive behaviors

2. ODD is more problematic behaviors and more frequent

3. 70% of clinically referred children have been shown to deny adults request or throw tantrums

ODD definition

age-inappropriate recurrent pattern of stubborn, hostile, disobedient, and defiant behaviors

ODD 3 symptom cluster

angry/irritable mood (lose temper)

argumentative/defiant behaviors (refuse to do anything)

vindictiveness (emotional regulation problems)

ODD usually appears by

8 years old

in 96% ODD cases, symptoms are always directed towards

parents

62% of children with ODD show symptoms

at home, school, or with peers

Criteria for ODD

Mild: one setting only

Moderate: in at least 2 settings

Severe: in at least 3 setting

CD is defined as

repetitive, persistent pattern of severe aggressive and antisocial acts

signs of CD

aggression to people and animals (biggest indicator of future pathology)

destruction of property

deceitfulness or theft

serious rule violations

CD child-onset

1 symptom before age 10

more likely in boys

more aggressive symptoms

account for disproportionate amount of illegal activity

antisocial behavior overtime

difficulties in emotional regulation and learning problems

CD adolescent-onset

girls and boys equally as likely

less likely to commit violent offenses

less likely to persist in antisocial behavior over time

covert-non destructive behaviors

most children who display ODD do not....

progress to more severe CD

nearly half of all children with CD have no....

prior ODD diagnosis

for most children ODD

-is an extreme developmental variation

-is a strong risk factor for later ODD

-does not signal an escalation to more serious conduct problems

children with ODD and CD show the same

pattern of oppositional, defiant, and disrespectful attitudes