Intro to Physiology Test #2

moles, molarity, acids, bases, buffers and gas

What does ROME stand for?

Respiratory Oppsite Metabolic Equal

Respiratory Acidosis

Low pH, Hi [CO2] acid concentration

Respiratory Alkalosis

Hi pH, Low [CO2] acid concentration

Metabolic Acidosis

Low pH, Low [CO2] concentration

Metabolic Alkalosis

Hi pH, Hi [HCO3] base concentration

Uncompensated

pH is abnormal, but PaCO2 or HCO3 concentration is normal

Partially compensated

pH is abnormal and PaCO2 and HCO3 are also abnormal

Fully compensated

pH is normal but PaCO2 and HCO3 are abnormal

What is the normal range for PCO2 in the blood?

35-45

What is the normal range for HCO3 in the blood?

22-26

What is respiratory regulation controlled by?

Chemo-receptors in the medulla that pick up on CO2 and H in the blood

What does a high concentration of CO2/H+ produce in respiratory regulation?

Deep, rapid breaths (hyperventilation)

What is metabolic regulation controlled by?

Distal tubules in the kidneys that sense pH change and reabsorb and create HCO3.

What is the cause of Alkalaemia?

Alkalosis, where there is too much base in your blood

What is the cause of acidaemia?

Acidosis, where there is too much acid in your blood

What is the pH of the blood if you’re suffering from acidaemia?

<7.35

What is the pH of the blood if you’re suffering from alkalaemia?

>7.45

What are the two main branches of the “emias”

Respiratory and Metabolic

What pH of the blood is considered fatal?

Below 6.8 or above 7.4

What is a buffer?

a solution that resists huge changes in pH when small amounts of acid or bases are added

What does a buffer consist of?

A weak acid and its conjugate base

What is a conugate base?

the chemical species formed when a B-L Acid donates a proton during an AB rxn that can accept an H+ ion in the reverse reaction.

What does saturation mean?

when the buffer reaches maximum capacity and now does not function as a buffer as one of the components has now been used up.

Why are buffers important?

Because metabolic processes constantly produce acids that change pH and denature critical proteins, therefore Buffers are needed to maintain homeostasis.

What do strong acids do?

dissociate H+ ions into solution at a high rate which results in a high [H+] in solution, which reads as a low pH (very acidic)

What do strong bases do?

dissociate OH- ions into solution at a high rate which results in a high [OH-] in solution, which reads as a high pH (very basic)

What do weak acids do?

dissolve those ions at a low rate which means theres a low concentration which means its a mid-way pH (slightly acidic or neutral)

What do weak bases do?

dissociated OH ions or an H accepting anion at a low rate which means there's a low concentration in solution which means there's a midway pH (neutral or slightly basic)

What is the Arrhenius definition of an Acid?

Compounds which ionize to produce hydrogen ions

What is the Arrhenius definition of an Base?

Compounds which ionize to produce hydroxide ions

What is the Bronstead-Lowry definition of an Acid?

A proton donor

What is the Bronstead-Lowry definition of an Base?

A proton acceptor

What are the characteristics of an acid?

sour taste, litmus red, phenolphthalein colourless, neutralizes bases

What are the characteristics of an base?

bitter taste, litmus blue, phenolphthalein pink, neutralizes acids

What is neutralization?

The creation of salt and water after an AB reaction

What do acids dissociate into?

H+

What do bases dissociate into?

OH- or an H+ accepting anion

How do buffers work?

When high concentrations of OH- are detected, they release H+ to bring the levels down or vise versa

What does pH mean?

power of hydrogen

What does 0-6 mean on the pH scale?

very to slightly acidic

What does 7 mean on the pH scale?

neutral

What does 8-14 mean on the pH scale?

slightly to very basic

What is the denotion of a hydrogen ion

H+

What is the denotion of a hydroxide ion?

OH-

What is the denotion of the hydronium ion?

H3O+

What does molecular weight mean?

the sum of the weights of all atoms in a molecule

What is avagadro’s number?

6.02 × 10²³

What does Avagadro’s number mean?

A mole of 1 substance has the same number of molecules as 1 mole of any other substance

What is a mole?

The amount of substance with a mass (g) thats equivalent to it’s molecular weight (amu)