HDE 100B - Ch 4 - Self, Identity, Emotion, & Personality

self

All the characteristics of a person

• Compared to children, adolescents carry w/ them a sense of who they are & what makes them different from everyone else

• Real or imagined, a developed sense of this is + uniqueness is a motivating force

developed sense of self, uniqueness

The Self

Real or imagined, what is an adolescent’s motivating force?

self-understanding, others

The Self

The individual’s cognitive representation of the self; the substance & content of self-conceptions

• Not completely internal, more of a cognitive construction

• We need blank to draw comparisons & gauge qualities

possible self

The Self

What individuals might become, what they would like to become, and what they’re afraid of becoming

relationships, social roles

The Self

Self Understanding

Adolescents’ self understanding can vary across blank and blank

• May create different selves depending on their social contexts & experiences (e.g. cliques and cultures; self or conformity?)

cultural practices

The Self

Self Understanding

In understanding how multiple selves emerge, this perspective needs to be taken into account

• All selves are specific to this and emerge as individual’s adapt to this certain environment

perspective taking, public, private

Perceiving Others’ Traits

The ability to assume another person’s perspective & understanding their thoughts & feelings

• Teens usually have a more sophisticated understanding of others, realizing that others’ are complex beings who have blank and blank faces

social cognitive monitoring

Perceiving Others’ Traits

During adolescents, this becomes increasingly important. May include questions such as “What are others wearing?”, “What music do people like?”, “What do others believe?”

theory of mind, perspective taking

Perceiving Others’ Traits

Social cognitive monitoring involves the development of these two things…

self-esteem

The global evaluative dimension of the self; aka self-worth or self-image

• Includes your perspective taking + how you relate to others in your social worlds

self concept

Domain-specific evaluations of the self (e.g academic, athletic, physical appearance)

perspective taking + relating to others

Self-Concept & Self-Esteem

What two things make up self-esteem? (___ + ___)

lowest

Self-Concept & Self-Esteem

Self-esteem is usually the blank in adolescence

narcissism

Self-Concept & Self-Esteem

A self-centered and self-concerned approach toward others

self perception profile for adolescents

A profile, developed by Harter, that assesses 8 domains: scholastic competence, athletic competence, social acceptance, physical appearance, behavioral conduct, close friendship, romantic appeal, and job competence

social contexts

Self-Concept & Self-Esteem

What contributes to the development of an adolescent’s self-esteem?

peer

Self-Concept & Self-Esteem

Social Contexts & Self-Esteem

Whose judgments gain increasing importance in adolescence? What is the relationship between their approval and self-worth?

self reporting, ratings by others, observations of behavior

Measuring Self-Esteem & Self-Concept

Some assessment experts argue that a combination of several methods should be used in measuring and adolescent’s self-esteem. What are they?

decreases

Measuring Self-Esteem & Self-Concept

Does Self-Esteem Change in Adolescence?

Researchers have found that self-esteem often blank when children make the transition from elementary to middle/junior high

males, 9th-12th grade

Measuring Self-Esteem & Self-Concept

Does Self-Esteem Change in Adolescence?

There are pre existing gender differences in self-esteem. It is found to be higher in who AND between what grades?

males

Measuring Self-Esteem & Self-Concept

Does Self-Esteem Change in Adolescence?

Although self-esteem fluctuates across the life span, which gender reports higher self-esteem at most ages compared to the other?

cultural ideals

Measuring Self-Esteem & Self-Concept

Does Self-Esteem Change in Adolescence?

What other ideals also influence what aspects are most important to adolescents (physical appearance vs scholastic competence vs social acceptance vs behavioral conduct vs athletic competence) 

physical appearance

Measuring Self-Esteem & Self-Concept

Does Self-Esteem Change in Adolescence?

Blank is everything to teens and is the strongest predictor of self-esteem

overweight/obesity, anxiety, depression, suicide, delinquency

Consequences of Low Self-Esteem

For most adolescents and emerging adults, the emotional discomfort of low-self esteem is temporary. For others it can develop into other problems such as… (5)

• How can their esteem be increased?

self regulation, self-generation, cognitive monitoring

Involves the ability to control your own behavior w/o having to rely on others’ help

• Includes the blank and blank of thoughts, feelings, and behaviors to reach a goal

effortful control

Self-Regulation

What is a key component of self-regulation? Involves…

• Inhibiting impulses & not engaging in destructive behaviors

• Focusing & maintaining attention despite distractions

• Initiating & completing tasks that have long-term value, even if they may seem unpleasant

• Executive attention

increases

Self-Regulation

Self-esteem often blank when adolescents face a problem & try to cope with it rather than avoid it

identity

Who a person believes they are, representing a synthesis and integration of self-understanding

Erik Erikson

This person provided the most comprehensive and provocative theory of identity development. They were the first to realize how questions, such as those concerning identity, are central to understanding adolescent development

identity vs identity confusion

Identity

Erikson’s Ideas on Identity

A stage stating that adolescents who do not successfully resolve an identity crisis are at risk for identity confusion

psychosocial moratorium

Identity

Erikson’s Ideas on Identity

Erikson’s term for the gap between childhood security & adult autonomy that adolescents experience as part of identity exploration

role experimentation, vocational roles

Identity

Erikson’s Ideas on Identity

According to Erikson, what two things are the core ingredients of identity development?

vocational/career, political, relationship, achievement/intellectual, sexual, cultural/ethinic, interests, personality

Identity

Erikson’s Ideas on Identity

Erikson & Identity: Role Experimentation

Identity relating to (1) career or work path, (2) political beliefs & values, (3) dating or marital status, (4) motivation & intellectual interests, (5) romantic & sexual interests, (6) regional background & cultural heritage, (7) recreational activities or hobbies, (8) characteristics or traits in social situations

James Marcia

Identity

The Four Statuses of Identity

This person classifies adolescents according to the extent of crisis & commitment

crisis

Identity

The Four Statuses of Identity

According to Marcia, a period of identity development during which the adolescent is choosing among meaningful alternatives

commitment

Identity

The Four Statuses of Identity

According to Marcia, a personal investment in what an individual is going to do

identity diffusion

Identity

The Four Statuses of Identity

Crisis absent

Commitment absent

identity foreclosure

Identity

The Four Statuses of Identity

Crisis absent

Commitment present

identity moratorium

Identity

The Four Statuses of Identity

Crisis present

Commitment absent

identity achievement

Identity

The Four Statuses of Identity

Crisis present

Commitment present

parental support, industry, self-reflective stance

Identity

Developmental Changes in Identity

Marcia concludes there are 3 aspects that are important to identity formation. What are they?

individuality, connectedness

Identity

Family Influences on Identity

What two factors can a family provide that is important in an adolescent’s identity development?

individuality

Identity

Family Influences on Identity

Consists of 2 dimensions: (1) self-assertion = the ability to have and communicate a POV; & (2) separateness = the use of communication patterns to express how one is different from others

connectedness

Identity

Family Influences on Identity

Consists of 2 dimensions: (1) mutuality = involves sensitivity to and respect for others’ views; (2) permeability = involves openness to others’ views

intimacy vs isolation

Identity

Identity & Intimacy

Erikson’s 6th stage of development during early adulthood; individual’s face the developmental task of forming intimate relationships with others

healthy friendships, successful identity achievement

Identity

Identity & Intimacy

According to Erikson’s intimacy vs isolation stage, what two things are an important precursor to positive intimate relationships?

digital world

Identity

Identity Development & the Digital Environment

For today’s adolescents & emerging adults, contexts involving the blank introduced new ways for youth to express and explore their identity

• Provides extensive opportunities for expressing identity & getting feedback about it

positive

Identity

Identity Development & the Digital Environment

On digital devices, adolescents and emerging adults often cast themselves in a blank light

ethnic identity

Identity

An enduring aspect of the self that includes a sense of membership in an ethnic group, along w/ the attitudes & feelings related to that membership

• Throughout the world ethnic minority groups struggled to maintain this while blending in w/ the dominant culture

bicultural identity

Identity

Cultural & Ethnic Identity

Identifying in some ways with their ethic group and in other ways with the majority culture. Helps resolve the conflict of maintaining ethnic identity while blending in with the dominant culture

racial identity

Identity

Cultural & Ethnic Identity

The collective identity of any group of people socialized to think of themselves as a racial group

personality

The enduing personal characteristics of individuals

openness to experience, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, neuroticism

Personality Development

What are the big five factors of personality?

adjustment, competence

One major finding of research on the big 5 is that the emergence of conscientiousness is a key predictor of blank and blank

optimism

Personality Development

Having a positive outlook on the future & minimizing problems

• Studies suggest that a greater level of this in adolescence may be linked to lower risk of depression & emotional distress, higher health-related quality of life; and better academic achievement

temperament

Personality Development

An individual’s behavior style & characteristic way of responding

easy child

Personality Development

Temperament

There are 3 basic types of temperament. This is a child who is generally in a positive mood, quickly establishes regular routines, and adapts easily to new experiences

difficult child

Personality Development

Temperament

There are 3 basic types of temperament. This is a child who reacts negatively to many situations and is slow to accept new experiences

slow to warm child

Personality Development

Temperament

There are 3 basic types of temperament. This is a child who has low activity level, is somewhat negative, and displays a low intensity of mood

goodness of fit

Personality Development

Temperament

The match between an individual’s temperament style and the environmental demands faced by the individual

emotion

Feeling or affect that occurs when a person is in a state or interaction that’s important to the individual, especially to their well-being

• Characterized by behavior that reflects the pleasantness or unpleasantness of the state the individual is in/ the transactions they’re experiencing

emotional

Emotional Development

The Emotions of Adolescence

Early adolescence is a time when blank highs and lows occur more frequently

hormone levels

Emotional Development

Emotional fluctuations of early adolescence may be related to variability in what levels?

• As they move into adulthood, moods usually become less extreme, possibly from adapting to the levels or maturation of the prefrontal cortex

pubertal

Emotional Development

Blank change is associated with an increase of negative emotions, BUT hormonal influences may be associated with environmental factors (e.g. stress, eating patterns, sexual activity, social r-ships, etc)

environmental

Emotional Development

(Hormonal/Environmental) experiences may contribute more to emotional fluctuations

emotion regulation

Emotional Development

Consists of effectively managing arousal in order to adapt and reach a goal

• A prominent feature of adolescents is that they often have difficulty doing this, however there are wide variations in this ability

arousal

Emotional Development

Emotion Regulation

Involves a state of alertness or activation; too much can negatively affect executive functioning