Midterm Review Sheet

What is the Cycle of Philosophy as mentioned in the review sheet?

Messed up Phase, Logical Breakdown, Idealism, Realism.

Who are the key philosophers mentioned in the review sheet?

Plato, Aristotle, Socrates.

What is the Archaic smile?

A characteristic smile found in ancient Greek sculptures.

Describe the significance of 1-point perspective in Renaissance art.

1-point perspective is a technique that uses a single vanishing point to create the illusion of depth in painting.

What architectural feature is associated with the Duomo in Florence?

The dome, which reflects proportions developed in the Greek Period.

Identify Masaccio's notable work mentioned in the review notes.

'Holy Trinity'.

What is contrapposto?

A sculptural scheme where one part of the body is turned in opposition to another part, creating a sense of dynamism.

Which painter is known for 'Allegory of Spring' and 'Birth of Venus'?

Sandro Botticelli.

What is the floating divinity concept in High Renaissance art?

A theme seen in Raphael Sanzio's 'The School of Athens'.

List Michelangelo's key works mentioned in the review sheet.

'Pieta', 'David', 'Bound slaves series', 'Sistine Chapel Ceiling', 'The Last Judgment'.

What does Machiavellianism refer to?

The political theory associated with Niccolò Machiavelli, often described as being cunning and deceitful.

How is Mannerism characterized in art?

Unorthodox, unexpected, unnatural, and mixed subjects resulting in chaotic and confusing imagery.

Name a notable work by Titian.

'Venus of Urbino'.

What is significant about Northern Renaissance artist Albrecht Durer?

He is known for his Idealism and contributions to the Northern Renaissance.

Identify the artist known for 'Garden of Earthly Delights'.

Hieronymus Bosch.

What did the Protestant Reformation lead to?

Religious transformations including Lutheranism and Puritanism.

Who founded the Jesuits?

St. Ignatius of Loyola.

What was the Treaty of Westphalia?

A treaty that ended the Thirty Years War, establishing a new political order in Europe.

Describe Caravaggio's style.

Characterized by dark backgrounds, realism, and innovative scenes with focused light.

What is Artemisia Gentileschi known for?

Her strong female figures and works depicting powerful women.

What is the significance of Bernini in Baroque sculpture?

Known for intense scenes and motion in sculpture.

What is the theme of 'Las Meninas' by Diego Velazquez?

A complex exploration of perspective and reality in art.

How does Rembrandt differ from other Baroque artists?

He focused on realism and group portraits, such as 'Night Watch'.

Identify Jan Vermeer's notable contribution to art.

He is considered a master of light in domestic scenes, exemplified in 'Little Street'.

What is 'Paradise Lost' about?

A Protestant response to Catholic literature written by John Milton.

Who is Claudio Monteverdi and what is his contribution to music?

He is known for 'L’Orfeo', a pioneering work in opera.

What does Descartes mean by 'I think therefore I am'?

It asserts the foundation of knowledge based on self-awareness and reasoning.

What is the main contrast between Thomas Hobbes and John Locke's views?

Hobbes believes in selfish nature while Locke advocates for self-governance.

How did the Scientific Revolution change old philosophical methods?

It shifted from Aristotle's methods to inductive and deductive reasoning.

What influence did the Spanish painter El Greco have?

His use of emotional expression and unique colors in works like 'Burial of Count Orgaz'.

Define Counter-Reformation.

The Catholic Church's response to the Protestant Reformation, aiming to reform and reaffirm its doctrines.

What impact did the Baroque period have on painting?

It emphasized movement, color, and emotional intensity in artworks.

Who was Louis XIV and how did he influence art during his reign?

Known as the Sun King, he was a patron of the arts, promoting Baroque style.

What were the key aspects of Protestantism during the Reformation?

Focus on scripture, direct relationship with God, and reforms against the Catholic Church's practices.

Name a significant theme present in the Roman Neo-Platonism era.

The merging of classical ideals with Christian themes in art and philosophy.

What does 'Anti-Classicism' refer to in Mannerism?

A rejection of classical ideals, embracing chaotic and unbalanced compositions.

Mention one key characteristic of Baroque architecture.

Dramatic use of light and shadow, along with grandiose design.

How did Botticelli influence Renaissance painting?

By incorporating mythological themes and expressive figures in a new way.

Define the term 'Mannerist style' in relation to artistic movements.

A style characterized by distorted figures, complex compositions, and a departure from the balance of the High Renaissance.

What does 'Neo-Classical style' refer to?

An artistic style that draws inspiration from classical antiquity, emphasizing simplicity and symmetry.

Name a significant artist from the Neo-Classical period.

Jacques-Louis David.

What is the significance of light and shadow in Baroque painting?

It creates drama and enhances the emotional intensity of the scene.

Who were the main figures of the Italian Renaissance?

Leonardo da Vinci, Michelangelo, and Raphael.

What role did women play in Baroque art?

Women often served as subjects or patrons; notable artists include Artemisia Gentileschi.

What innovation did the invention of oil paint introduce to artists?

Oil paint allowed greater manipulation of color and detail in artworks.

Explain the concept of chiaroscuro in art.

The use of strong contrasts between light and dark to give the illusion of volume in modeling three-dimensional objects.

Which work is considered a prime example of Baroque architecture?

St. Peter's Basilica in Vatican City.

What is the primary focus of Romanticism in art?

Emphasis on emotion, individualism, and nature.

What is the importance of the Neoclassical movement in art history?

It marked the revival of classical ideals after the Baroque period, influencing architecture, painting, and sculpture.

What is the role of Patronage in the arts during the Renaissance?

Patronage involved wealthy individuals or institutions sponsoring artists, allowing for the production of great works.