euro 1.2 vocabulary

the Terror

the period of extreme violence in 1793-94 when thousands of French people were executed by guillotine, after a breif trial before revolutionary tribunals. Those excuted were royalists, aristocrats, clergy, or Political opponents of the Jacobins

Emigres

members of the French, population Who left France during the first years of the Revolution and the terror. The first emigres were mostly members of the aristocracy, but members of the middle class also left France.

Assignats

A new type of paper currency used instead of gold/silver coins guaranteed by the gov.

The value is depended on the Peoples confindence.

national guard

A largely middle class militia created in 1789 to act as

a national police force. I was to play a vital role in trying to maintain law and order in France during the Revolutionary Period

Sans- culottes

Working-class radicals in Paris and

other French cities. They were named after the type o t Clothes (trousers rather than the expensive knee-breeches)

Maximilien Robespierre

A member of the Comititee of the public safety; a emerging leader

Counter Revolutionary

Refers to anyone who opposes or resists a revolution, particulary after it has occured, with the aim of restoring the pre-revolutionary order.

Clubs

A place where like minded enlightenment thinkers would go and discuss 1 on 1

Jacobin

A left wing group that became Prominent for its radical views and Played a significant role In the Reign of Terror, advocating for a revolutionary gov.

Feuillants

represented moderate consitutional monarchists and sought to preserve the monarchy while opposing the radical

Jacobins,

Girondist

a member of the french moderate republican party in Power 1791-93 during the French Revolution, so called because the party leaders s were the deputies from the department of the Gironde

Guillotine

Instrument for capital punishment decapitation used in the 1792 during Revolution of 1789

september 1791

Assemby aeates new constitution

1792

war broke out against Austria

worsened social and economüc issues such as lack of agreement among decision-marers

july 1791

Champs de Mar Massacre

The national Guard fired on a group of citizens trying to petition the Assembly, more than 50 people were killed

Royalist

person who supports the principle of monarchy or a particular monarchy

Louis XVII

son of louis XVI and Marie Antoinette and victim to french revolution. the rever resigned as king and was imprisoned by revolutionaries, abused and separated from his family and died from illness at age 10

civil constitution at the Clergy

Which aimed to bring the Catholic Church in France under governmental control.

Louis XVIII

the next in line for the throne after Louis’s XVII death

Bad harvest of

1790 & 1791

A poor harvest in summer of

Led to hunger & therefore

1790 leading to hunger 1790-1791

committee of public safety

A political body established during the French revolution it was created to oversee the defense of the French Republic from foreign and domestic enemies

law of suspects

authorized revolutionary authorities to arrest individuals deemed as suspects of counter- revolutionary activities, leading to widespread arrests and executions.

georges danton

a french lawyer and prominent leader. He played a major role in the overthrow of the french monarchy and subsequent establishment of the First French Republic

Republic of virtue

a political theory, it aimed to create a society governed by civic virtue and moral integrity, where citizens acted in the common good rather personal gain

cult of the supreme being

created by robespierre in 1794 it aimed to provide a moral framework for the new French republic, emphasizing the importance of virtue and civic duty

The Flight to Varennes June 1791

The French royal family, including King Louis XVI, Queen Marie Antoinette, and their children, attempted to escape Paris disguised as commoners to reach Montmédy, a town near the Austrian border where they hoped to find royalist support.

This incident marked a turning point in the revolution, as it exposed the King's disloyalty and contributed to the radicalization of revolutionary sentiments.

Constitution of 1793

Drafted by the Committee of Public Safety, it aimed to replace the constitutional monarchy of 1791 and introduced significant democratic reforms, including universal manhood suffrage, the right to subsistence, and the right to revolt against oppression.

1791- Declaration of Pillnitz

issued, by Holy Roman Emperor Leopold II and King Frederick William II of Prussia, was a joint statement urging European powers to unite to restore King Louis XVI of France to his full powers.

August 1792- the Journee/September Massacres

The Journée involved a mass uprising against the monarchy, leading to the arrest of King Louis

The September Massacres, occurring from September 2 to 6, involved the brutal killings of prisoners in Paris, driven by fear that they were plotting to rise against the revolution.

1792- Battle of Valmy

A significant military victory for the French forces during the French Revolutionary Wars.

It marked the first major success of the French army against a coalition of Prussian and Austrian forces, which was attempting to restore the French monarchy.

The French National Convention to declare the end of the monarchy and establish the First French Republic.

1792- Storming of the Tuilleries

The attack was a response to the king's refusal to support revolutionary measures and the escalating tensions between the monarchy and the revolutionary government.

September 1792- National Convention is elected, abolishes the monarchy, becomes a republic

This marked the transition from a constitutional monarchy to a republic, reflecting the revolutionary ideals of equality, liberty, and fraternity.

The execution of Louis XVI January 1793

Marked a pivotal moment in the French Revolution. Louis XVI, the last king of France, was executed by guillotine at the Place de la Révolution in Paris, following a trial where he was convicted of high treason.

1793-1795- Reign of Terror

A period during the French Revolution, it was characterized by extreme political repression and violence, led by the revolutionary government, particularly the Committee of Public Safety under Maximilien Robespierre.

The Reign of Terror was marked by the widespread use of the guillotine for public executions, reflecting the tensions between revolutionary ideals and the fear of counter-revolutionary threats. It aimed to consolidate power among revolutionaries and eliminate opposition.

White Terror 1794-1795

was a violent period during the French Revolution, characterized by a series of reprisals against perceived enemies of the revolution, particularly those associated with the Reign of Terror.

This violence was primarily perpetrated by royalists and conservatives who targeted former revolutionaries and Jacobins, leading to acts such as lynchings and assassinations.

Declaration of Verona 1795

by Louis XVIII, is a formal statement where he denounces the French Revolution and outlines his vision for restoring the monarchy.

Quiberon Expedition 1795

was a military campaign led by émigré counter-revolutionary troops in support of the Chouannerie and Vendée Revolt. It aimed to raise western France in revolt against the French Revolution and restore the monarchy.

Cordeliers

The Cordeliers, formally known as the Society of the Friends of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen, was a populist political club

Society of Knitters

refers to a group of women during the French Revolution who knitted while observing public executions, particularly during the Reign of Terror.

Non-juring priests

were those who refused to take an oath of loyalty to the state, known as the Civil Constitution of the Clergy.

Olympe de Gouges

French social reformer and writer who challenged conventional views on a number of matters, especially the role of women as citizens.

During the French Revolution, she sided with the Girondins and defended Louis XVI. After the Girondins lost power, she was executed.

Pauline Leon

significant figure during the French Revolution, known for her strong feminist and anti-royalist beliefs.

She co-founded the Société des Républicaines-Révolutionnaires and was a leader of the Femmes Sans-Culottes, advocating for women's rights and the right to bear arms.

French Revolutionary Wars (1792-1802) were

a series of military conflicts that arose from the French Revolution,

Count De Artois

born Charles Philippe de France, was a significant figure in the French Revolution.

He was the youngest brother of King Louis XVI and played a role in undermining royal authority before the revolution.

His extravagant lifestyle and lack of discipline contributed to the unrest that ultimately led to the revolution.

After the storming of the Bastille, he fled France and later became known as Charles X of France, marking a notable chapter in the history of the French Revolution.

Citizen Capet

refers to Louis XVI, after his deposition in 1792, he was no longer seen as a monarch but rather as a citizen.

(HIS REAL NAME)

Paris Commune

the government of Paris from 1789 until 1795.

Emperor Leopold II of Austria

Was a significant figure during the French Revolution. He was a proponent of enlightened absolutism, influenced by the ideas of the Enlightenment

Brunswick Manifesto

by Duke Charles William Ferdinand of Brunswick, was a proclamation aimed at the French population, it threatened that if the French royal family was harmed, French civilians would be at risk, thereby attempting to invade Paris

Toussaint L'Ouverture

Prominent leader of the Haitian Revolution

Biens Nationaux

Refers to properties confiscated during the French Revolution from the Catholic Church, the monarchy, émigrés, and suspected counter-revolutionaries for the good of the nation.

Active citizens

typically men who were literate,

over 25 years old,

had lived in France for at least one year,

paid taxes equal to three days' work.

passive citizens

Included women, children, men under 25, and those who did not pay enough taxes.

They were protected by law but could not vote or participate in politics.

Electors

active citizens who paid 10 days worth of labor in taxes

Deputy

representative in the national assembly

had to pay 54 days worth of wages (silver mark of a marc d’argent)