Comparative Anatomy of Digestion and Circulation in Animals

Phylum Chordata

Animal phylum including vertebrates with a notochord.

Subphylum Vertebrata

Subgroup of Chordata with a backbone.

Class Mammalia

Warm-blooded vertebrates with hair and mammary glands.

Internal Fertilization

Sperm fertilizes egg inside female body.

Endothermic

Ability to maintain body temperature internally.

Mammary Glands

Glands that produce milk for young.

Differentiation of Teeth

Specialized teeth types for various diets.

Fetal Pig

Common model organism for mammalian anatomy.

Rat

Another model organism for studying mammals.

Heterotrophic

Organisms that consume food for energy.

Extracellular Digestion

Digestion occurs outside cells in a digestive system.

Gastrovascular Cavity

Digestive cavity with one opening for food and waste.

Complete Digestive Tract

Digestive system with separate mouth and anus.

Crop

Storage organ in some animals for food.

Gizzard

Muscular organ for grinding food mechanically.

Diverticulum

Pouches leading to accessory digestive glands.

Spiral Valve

Structure increasing surface area in digestive tract.

Extendable Tongue

Adaptation in amphibians for capturing prey.

Ruminant Stomach

Specialized stomach for digesting cellulose in herbivores.

Osmoregulation

Regulation of water and solute balance in organisms.

Osmoconformers

Organisms whose internal concentration matches environment.

Osmoregulators

Organisms that actively control internal solute concentrations.

Nitrogenous Wastes

Waste products containing nitrogen from metabolism.

Ammonia

Highly toxic nitrogen waste, requires large water loss.

Urea

Less toxic nitrogen waste, requires moderate water loss.

Uric Acid

Least toxic nitrogen waste, minimal water loss.

Protonephridia

Excretory system in flatworms with flame cells.

Metanephridia

Excretory system in annelids with segmented fluid collection.

Malpighian Tubules

Excretory system in insects collecting fluid from hemolymph.

Nephrons

Functional unit of kidneys, filters blood.

Systole

Heart contraction phase, maximum blood pressure.

Diastole

Heart relaxation phase, minimum blood pressure.

Sphygmomanometer

Device to measure blood pressure in mmHg.

Sphygmomanometer

Device used to measure blood pressure.

Systolic Pressure

First knocking sound during blood pressure measurement.

Diastolic Pressure

Pressure when knocking sound disappears.

Blood Plasma

Fluid component of blood containing proteins and nutrients.

Erythrocytes

Red blood cells that transport oxygen and carbon dioxide.

Leukocytes

White blood cells involved in immune response.

Platelets

Cell fragments that initiate blood clotting.

Respiration

Exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide for ATP.

Cutaneous Gas Exchange

Gas exchange through skin in some animals.

Trachea

Air passage in terrestrial arthropods.

Spiracle

Opening for air entry in insects.

Gills

Respiratory structures in aquatic animals.

Operculum

Bony flap protecting gills in Osteichthyes.

Countercurrent Exchange

Maximizes oxygen exchange between water and blood.

Lungs

Respiratory organs in terrestrial chordates.

Diaphragm

Muscle that aids in lung ventilation.

Alveoli

Tiny sacs increasing lung surface area for gas exchange.

Tidal Breathing

Regular inhalation and exhalation of air.

Tidal Volume (TV)

Air volume inhaled/exhaled during normal breathing.

Vital Capacity (VC)

Maximum air volume inhaled/exhaled in normal breathing.

Total Lung Capacity (TLC)

Total air volume after maximum inhalation.