Anatomy lecture exam 1

hemodynamics

responding to stimuli by sending more or less blood to a certain region

homeostatis

a balance in the bodys internal environment

magnesium, calcium, sodium, potassium

cations of 5 physiologically relevant ions

chloride

anion of 5 physiologically relveant ions

soduim

natrium

potassium

kalium

cytology

cellular anatomy

histology

study of tissues

ultrasound

sound waves pass into body and bounce back to receiver, visualized as a sonogram

used for 7 things: evaluate blood flow, monitor baby health, check thyroid gland, diagnose gallbladder disease, examine breast lump, guide needed for biopsy, find genital and prostate problems

coronary artery

carries blood away from the heart

CT Scan

Computed TOMOgraphy

extracorporeal

situated or occurring outside the body

lithotripsy

shock wave therapy that breaks up stones or hard tissue within the body- ultrasound waves are used to break the kidney stone into smaller pieces

16 to 22 weeks

at this point in the pregnancy, an ultrasound can be used to determine gender

why is an ultrasound used

-view the uterus and ovaries during pregancy

-monitor developing babys health

-diagnose gallbladder disease

-elevate blood flow

-guide a needle a biopsy or tumor treatment

-examine a brest lump

-check the thyroid gland

-find genital and prostate problems

thrombosed

affected by a blood clot

thrombosed vein

the great saphenous vein- the longest vein in the human body, runs from the top of the foot to the upper groin area

osis

the condition of

otic

the condition of

stroke

blocked blood flow to brain

tomography

cross section

CAT scan

Computed Axial Scan- rotating x ray tube and a row of detectors to measure x-ray attenuations by different tissues inside the body, uses tomographic reconstruction of images to show cross sections of body

ischemia

not enough oxygen to tissue, no atp

angiography

type of x ray

glycolysis

break the sugar- makes 4 ATP, uses 2- net 2 ATP

endocrine

secrete in - ______ glands

angio

vessels

secrete

positive for body- body is intaking

excrete

getting rid of bad

red blood cells don’t have _______

mitochondria

3 tissues affected by hypoglycemia

brain, red blood cells, liver

angiography

type of xray used to check blood vessels- special dye works as contrast agent

low blood sugar leads to ____

glycolysis being activated

hypoglycemia

low blood sugar

4 hormones that alleviate low blood sugar

glucagon, cortisol, adrenaline (epinephrine), and growth hormone (HGH)

cortisol

stress hormone, comes from adrenal cortex- high cortisol lowers immune system efficiency

high stress linked with _____

lack of sleep- leads to low immune system function

epinephrine = adrenaline

upon the kidney, one of main hormones that alleviate low blood sugar

oxygen is the _____

final electron acceptor

4 tissue types

epithelial, connective, muscle, nervous

blood is a _____ tissue

connective

RMP

resting membrane potential

Positron Emission Tomography (PET Scan)

identify metabolic states of various tissues, RMPs- useful in analyzing metabolically active parts of the brain - gender studies at emory

the inside of the cell is _____

negative, aka resting membrane potential

tissues

group of cells with similar form or function- can be solid or fluid

enamel

densest material the body

hydroxyapatite

Ca₁₀(PO₄)₆(OH)₂

humans cell numbers are MORE _____ than _____

PROkaryote than eukaryote

a crack in your tooth leads to ______

infection, abscess, then pressure

mouth cavity

warzone for PROKARYOTES

abscess

infection- dead white cells and dead bacteria- sign of inflammation

bodily defenses become harmful if

they continue for a long period of time- overzealous

pathology

structural and functional changes caused by disease

exercise physiology

changes in structure and function caused by exercise

pharmacology

study of drugs and drug interactions— alleviate the medical condition

bacteria (prokaryotes) in the lower GI tract produce ________ which helped with blood clotting and coagulation

vitamin K- stored in liver- got name from danish

cirrhotic liver

scarred, cannot store vitamin K, trouble with blood clotting which can lead to someone bleeding out

AP

action potential, only muscle and nervous tissue

tissue level

group of similar cells and materials surrounding them

sclera

white part of eye- if turns yellow/green, then problem with liver (Lee’s dad)

Integumentary System

Skin, hair, nails, glands

integument

skin- largest organ in the body— epidermis at surface (NOT living!)

excretory organs

colon, liver, kidney, skin

sudorus glands

sweat glands

sebaceous glands

produce oil

all bones have _____ at birth

red marrow—- as we get older becomes more yellow

skeletal system function

provides protection, allows body movements, produces blood cells, stores minerals and fat

skeletal system parts

bones (source of Ca and blood cells), marrow cavities, associated cartilages, ligaments, and joints

muscular system function

produces body movements, maintains posture, and produces body heat

exceptions to skeletal muscle being voluntary

shivering and reflexes

nervous system parts

brain, spinal cord, nerves, sensory receptors

nervous system function

detects sensations, controls movements, phyisological processes, and intellectual functions

prefrontal cortices

cognition- ability to think or reason— cause and effect

endocrine

into the blood

cardiovascular system function

transports nutrients, waste products, gases and hormones throughout the body- plays role in immune response and regulation of the body temperature

cardiovascular system parts

heart, blood vessels, blood

lymphatic system function

removes foreign substances from the blood and lymph, combats disease, maintains tissue fluid balance, absorbs fat from the digestive tract

what part of the brain regulates temperature

the hypothalamus

lymphatic system parts

lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, other lymphatic organs

respiratory system function

exchanges oxygen and co2 between the blood and the air, regulates blood pH

respiratory system parts

lungs and respiratory passages

medulla oblongata

the lowest part of the brainstem that connects the brain to the spinal cord and manages vital automatic body functions

opiates

narcotics

Endocrine secretion is best described as

Substances (usually hormones) secreted into the blood

The hypothalamus initiates sweating in response to rising body temperature, and sweating stopping once temperature returns to the set point, is an example of:

negative feedback

negative feedback

a self regulating process where the output of a system counteracts or reverses a change in order to maintain stability ex. body temp, blood sugar, most homeostasis processes

positive feedback loop

self amplifying control system where an initial change/stimulus causes a response that accelerates or pushes a system farther- ex: childbirth, lactation

what happens to basal metabolic rates if skeletal muscle increases

BMR increases because skeletal muscle is metabolically active tissue

parturition

childbirth

types of tissue that exhibit a resting membrane potential

epithelial, muscular, nervous

simple cuboidal, found in kidneys

psuedostratified columnar: in respiratory tract

simple squamous: in alveoli in lungs

cardiac muscle: striated, involuntary, intercalated

cardiac muscle

involuntary, striated muscle found only in heart, contracts rhythmically to pump blood

skeletal muscle

voluntary, striated muscle attached to bones that produces body movement

transitional epithilium

can stretch and change shape, lines the urinary bladder and uterters

simple cuboidal epithelium

single layer of cube shaped cells involved primarily in absorption and secretion, commonly found in kidney tubules

fibrocartilage

strong cartilage that resists compression, found in intervertebral disks and pubic symphysis