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Key pharmacology vocabulary covering endocrine agents, anticoagulants, blood products, and antihypertensive principles from BIO 290 – Module 9.
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Glyburide (Sulfonylurea)
Oral antidiabetic that stimulates pancreatic insulin release; may cause hypoglycemia with hunger, irritability, dizziness and sweating.
Hypoglycemia
Low blood glucose producing hunger, irritability, dizziness, sweating, tremor; often triggered by insulin or sulfonylureas.
Fludrocortisone
Synthetic mineralocorticoid for adrenal insufficiency; adverse effects include hypertension, edema, osteoporosis, skin thinning, insomnia, hypokalemia.
Desmopressin (DDAVP)
Synthetic analog of antidiuretic hormone used for central diabetes insipidus and nocturnal enuresis; risk of water intoxication and hyponatremia.
Somatotropin
Recombinant human growth hormone for GH deficiency; can cause hyperglycemia, edema, and joint/muscle pain.
Glycoprotein IIb/IIIa Inhibitors (e.g., abciximab)
Intravenous antiplatelet drugs that block final pathway of platelet aggregation, preventing stent occlusion.
Factor Xa Inhibitors (e.g., rivaroxaban, apixaban)
Oral anticoagulants that inhibit factor Xa in the coagulation cascade, lowering risk of DVT and stroke.
Common Adverse Effects of Blood Thinners
Bleeding (especially GI), bruising, anemia, hypotension and thrombocytopenia.
Contraindications to Anticoagulation
Active bleeding, peptic ulcer disease, recent surgery, thrombocytopenia, concurrent NSAIDs, alcohol or multiple anticoagulants.
Alteplase (tPA)
Fibrinolytic drug that converts plasminogen to plasmin to dissolve existing clots; used for acute MI, ischemic stroke, PE and blocked central lines.
Activated Partial Thromboplastin Time (aPTT)
Laboratory test used to monitor and adjust unfractionated heparin therapy; therapeutic goal is usually 1.5–2.5× control.
International Normalized Ratio (INR)
Standardized prothrombin time used to monitor warfarin therapy; typical goal range is 2–3.
Heparin
Rapid-acting parenteral anticoagulant that enhances antithrombin III; monitored by aPTT; antidote is protamine sulfate.
Warfarin
Oral vitamin K antagonist that inhibits synthesis of clotting factors II, VII, IX and X; monitored by INR and interacts with aspirin and many drugs.
Epoetin Alfa (Recombinant Erythropoietin)
Hematopoietic growth factor that stimulates red blood cell production; treats anemia of CKD or chemotherapy.
Filgrastim
Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) that increases neutrophil production to reduce infection risk in neutropenia.
Oprelvekin
Interleukin-11 analog that stimulates megakaryocyte maturation and increases platelet counts.
Whole Blood
Contains RBCs, plasma and platelets; indicated for acute massive blood loss or shock.
Packed Red Blood Cells (PRBCs)
Concentrated erythrocytes used to treat anemia or hemorrhagic shock; may cause hemolytic reaction or hyperkalemia.
Platelet Concentrate
Blood component given for thrombocytopenia or platelet dysfunction; risk of febrile reaction or sepsis.
Fresh Frozen Plasma (FFP)
Plasma containing clotting factors; used for massive bleeding, warfarin reversal and DIC; may cause allergic reactions or circulatory overload.
Albumin (5% or 25%)
Colloid that expands plasma volume; indicated for hypoalbuminemia, burns, ascites; risk of fluid overload or pulmonary edema.
Apheresis Granulocytes
Concentrated neutrophil product for severe neutropenia or neonatal sepsis; carries risk of alloimmunization and sepsis.
Hypertension
Chronic elevation of arterial blood pressure requiring lifestyle changes and often pharmacologic therapy.
Antihypertensive Initiation Guidelines
Start at low dose and titrate slowly, give first dose at bedtime (α-blockers), change positions slowly, never stop abruptly, hold if BP < 90/60 mmHg or HR < 60 bpm, monitor daily weight.