BIO 290 – Module 9 Pharmacology Vocabulary

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Key pharmacology vocabulary covering endocrine agents, anticoagulants, blood products, and antihypertensive principles from BIO 290 – Module 9.

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25 Terms

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Glyburide (Sulfonylurea)

Oral antidiabetic that stimulates pancreatic insulin release; may cause hypoglycemia with hunger, irritability, dizziness and sweating.

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Hypoglycemia

Low blood glucose producing hunger, irritability, dizziness, sweating, tremor; often triggered by insulin or sulfonylureas.

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Fludrocortisone

Synthetic mineralocorticoid for adrenal insufficiency; adverse effects include hypertension, edema, osteoporosis, skin thinning, insomnia, hypokalemia.

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Desmopressin (DDAVP)

Synthetic analog of antidiuretic hormone used for central diabetes insipidus and nocturnal enuresis; risk of water intoxication and hyponatremia.

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Somatotropin

Recombinant human growth hormone for GH deficiency; can cause hyperglycemia, edema, and joint/muscle pain.

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Glycoprotein IIb/IIIa Inhibitors (e.g., abciximab)

Intravenous antiplatelet drugs that block final pathway of platelet aggregation, preventing stent occlusion.

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Factor Xa Inhibitors (e.g., rivaroxaban, apixaban)

Oral anticoagulants that inhibit factor Xa in the coagulation cascade, lowering risk of DVT and stroke.

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Common Adverse Effects of Blood Thinners

Bleeding (especially GI), bruising, anemia, hypotension and thrombocytopenia.

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Contraindications to Anticoagulation

Active bleeding, peptic ulcer disease, recent surgery, thrombocytopenia, concurrent NSAIDs, alcohol or multiple anticoagulants.

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Alteplase (tPA)

Fibrinolytic drug that converts plasminogen to plasmin to dissolve existing clots; used for acute MI, ischemic stroke, PE and blocked central lines.

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Activated Partial Thromboplastin Time (aPTT)

Laboratory test used to monitor and adjust unfractionated heparin therapy; therapeutic goal is usually 1.5–2.5× control.

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International Normalized Ratio (INR)

Standardized prothrombin time used to monitor warfarin therapy; typical goal range is 2–3.

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Heparin

Rapid-acting parenteral anticoagulant that enhances antithrombin III; monitored by aPTT; antidote is protamine sulfate.

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Warfarin

Oral vitamin K antagonist that inhibits synthesis of clotting factors II, VII, IX and X; monitored by INR and interacts with aspirin and many drugs.

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Epoetin Alfa (Recombinant Erythropoietin)

Hematopoietic growth factor that stimulates red blood cell production; treats anemia of CKD or chemotherapy.

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Filgrastim

Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) that increases neutrophil production to reduce infection risk in neutropenia.

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Oprelvekin

Interleukin-11 analog that stimulates megakaryocyte maturation and increases platelet counts.

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Whole Blood

Contains RBCs, plasma and platelets; indicated for acute massive blood loss or shock.

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Packed Red Blood Cells (PRBCs)

Concentrated erythrocytes used to treat anemia or hemorrhagic shock; may cause hemolytic reaction or hyperkalemia.

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Platelet Concentrate

Blood component given for thrombocytopenia or platelet dysfunction; risk of febrile reaction or sepsis.

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Fresh Frozen Plasma (FFP)

Plasma containing clotting factors; used for massive bleeding, warfarin reversal and DIC; may cause allergic reactions or circulatory overload.

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Albumin (5% or 25%)

Colloid that expands plasma volume; indicated for hypoalbuminemia, burns, ascites; risk of fluid overload or pulmonary edema.

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Apheresis Granulocytes

Concentrated neutrophil product for severe neutropenia or neonatal sepsis; carries risk of alloimmunization and sepsis.

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Hypertension

Chronic elevation of arterial blood pressure requiring lifestyle changes and often pharmacologic therapy.

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Antihypertensive Initiation Guidelines

Start at low dose and titrate slowly, give first dose at bedtime (α-blockers), change positions slowly, never stop abruptly, hold if BP < 90/60 mmHg or HR < 60 bpm, monitor daily weight.