Unit 5 HUSH Study Guide

Thomas Jefferson

• 3rd president of the US 

• Expanded the country and strengthened the nation 

• Promised to cut taxes, reduce government spending, and eliminate the national debt

Louisiana Purchase

• The US paid $15 million for the land 

• The purchase added 828,000 square miles of land west of the Mississippi 

• Federalists argued against the purchase and said that it was unconstitutional 

Manifest Destiny

• The 19th-century belief that US expansion is inevitable and justified

Lewis and Clark Expedition

• Jefferson asks Congress for funds to explore the land west of the Mississippi with the goal of finding a water route to the Pacific

• Merriweather Lewis and William Clark

• Follow the Missouri River to the Rocky Mts

• Sacagawea joined them as an interpreter to help them cross the mountains 

• Explored the Southwest following the Arkansas River to the Rocky Mts and down to Mexico

Tecumseh

• A Shawnee chief, emerged as an Indigenous leader to defend Indigenous land against the US government 

Tenskwatawa

• Brother of Tecumseh who created Prophetstown 

Ghose Dance Movement

• An attempt to regain/sustain cultural practices and end westward expansion created fear in US government officials who attempted to stop this movement, using force to do so

War of 1812

• Causes: Conflict with the British military, US hope of expansion into Canada, Tecumseh, and Indigenous nationalism 

• American entrance to the war: The American military is poorly trained, forces attempt to seize Canada but are poorly led, so they are forced to fight a defensive war against an invading army, in 1814 Washington DC is burnt down

Dolley Madison

• First lady to James Madison 

• She was the one who saved the portrait of George Washington when the White House was being burnt down 

Francis Scott Key

• Witnessed the British bombardment of Fort McHenry near Baltimore for 12 hours 

• He observed that the American flag flew over the fort 

• Wrote a poem called “The Defense of Ft McHenry”

Andrew Jackson

• National hero from the war 

• 7th president of the US

James Monroe

• 5th president of the US

• His focus is on the country's stance on a global scale 

Monroe Doctrine

• A principle of US policy, originated by James Monroe in 1823, that any intervention by external powers in the politics of the Americas is a potentially hostile act against the US

Sectionalism

• When a region of a country has a stronger loyalty to its own interests than to the country as a whole

Election of 1824

• The result of the election was inconclusive, as no candidate won a majority of the electoral vote

• Candidates: Henry Clay, Andrew Jackson, John Quincy Adams, William Crawford

• Winner: JQA

Henry Clay

• (Kentucky) supported by the West 

Andrew Jackson

• (Tennesse) supported by the West, military hero 

John Quincy Adams

• (Massachusetts) supported by New England, Monroe’s secretary of state

William Crawford

• (Georgia) supported by the South, Madison and Monroe’s secretary of treasury 

Corrupt Bargain

• Henry Clay- speaker of the house 

• John Quincy Adams made behind-the-scenes promises to House members 

• Jackson attacked w/ the claims of “corrupt bargain”

Election of 1828

• Adams refused to dismiss federal officeholders campaigning for Jackson and did little to promote his reelection 

• Jackson’s supporters relied on the candidate's popularity and accused Adams of having mistresses while serving as a diplomat in Europe, condemning him as a murderer for having executed Army deserters and killing men in duels 

• By 1828 voters chose presidential electors in every state except for California to encourage campaigning

  • 57% of the electorate cast ballots more than double the percentage four years earlier

  • Jackson won with around 650,000 votes to 500,000 votes

• Jackson's election was the first to demonstrate how political parties transformed American politics

National Republicans

• Adams and Clay 

• Strong national government 

• Favored tariffs, business, internal improvements, industry, public schools, and moral reforms such as prohibition of Liquor and abolition of slavery 

• Best/privileged to run the government

Democrats

• Jackson 

• Believed in state’s rights and federal restraint in economic and social affairs 

• Favored the liberty of the individual, privileged do not get an advantage in political decisions 

• Protected the common man

Populism

• The idea that society is separated into 2 groups at odds with one another - “the pure people” and “the corrupt elite”

Nullification and South Carolina

• Tariff of 1828 (raised taxes on imported manufactured goods that aroused opposition in the South) Tariff of 1832

  • State leaders insisted that the tariff on imported manufactured goods raised prices paid by southern consumers to benefit the North so the legislature threatened to nullify it

• South Carolina nullification (state had the right to decide whether or not to obey a federal law), threatens to secede 

• Jacksons force bill 

Indian Removal Act

• Congressional action to forcibly remove Indigenous communities off fertile land east of the Mississippi River

• Relocated communities to “Indian territory” west of the Mississippi 

Indigenous Boarding Schools

• Institutions created with the intent to assimilate Indigenous people into Anglo-American culture, often by force, through abuse, with little choice for Indigenous peoples

• Ex: The Carlisle School

The Carlisle School

• The Carlisle teachers forced Native Americans to change their clothes, cut their hair, change their names, stop speaking their mother tongue, and change their diet. As a result of these changes, nearly 1/2 of the children from the plains died. 

• The purpose of this school was to strip Native Americans of their identity and force them to assimilate into American culture and civilization.