FInal Exam Flash cards

nature/nurture issue

whether human behavior is determined by genetics or environment

inferential statistics

using data from a sample to make conclusions or predictions about a larger population

descriptive statistics

summarizes or describes the characteristics of a data set

major perspectives of psychology

psychoanalytic, behavioral, humanistic, cognitive, biological, evolutionary, and sociocultural.

evolutionary perspective

explains human behaviors and traits as being shaped by natural selection over long periods

sociocultural perspective

how individual behavior is affected by social and cultural factors surrounding them.

case studies

are in-depth investigations of a single person, group, event, or community, using multiple data sources and methods.

random sample

is a process for selecting random study participants ensuring each person has a chance of being included.

abstract

is a short summary of a research paper,

peer-reviewed journal article

It is an article evaluated by experts in the field before publication, ensuring quality and credibility.

neurotransmitters

chemicals released by nerve fibers that transmit impulses to another nerve fiber, muscle fiber, or structure.

REM sleep

is a stage of the sleep cycle that occurs about 90 minutes after falling asleep.

classical conditioning

involuntary response with a stimulus.

operant conditioning

associating a voluntary behavior with a consequence.

control condition

does not involve exposure to the treatment under study, serving as a comparison for the experimental condition.

stimulus generalization

spread of conditioning effects to stimuli that differ from the original conditioning stimulus.

collectivist cultures

emphasize group goals over individual needs

individualist cultures

prioritize personal achievement.

functional fixedness

is the inability to see that an object can serve multiple functions beyond its usual use.

fixed interval schedule

reinforces a behavior after a set period, providing rewards at regular intervals.

General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS)?

alarm, resistance, and exhaustion.

defining abnormal behavior

The criteria include distress, dysfunction, and deviance.

schizophrenia

is a serious mental disorder characterized by abnormal interpretations of reality, including hallucinations and delusions.

Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)

persistent mental stress following severe psychological shock

DSM-5

is a manual used to diagnose mental disorders

different forms of therapy

family, group, psychoanalysis/psychodynamic, humanistic, cognitive, behavioral, biomedical, and eclectic .

prejudice

preconceived opinions or attitudes about a group

discrimination

involves actions taken against individuals based on those prejudices.

Milgram's studies on obedience

tested how far people would go to obey authority, even when it meant hurting others.

Stanford Prison Experiment

It demonstrated the power of social roles and norms, showing how individuals conform to expected behaviors in assigned roles.