Pre-Embryonic Development and Embryology

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Last updated 1:11 AM on 6/28/26
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27 Terms

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Oocyte

Female gamete (egg cell) that becomes fertilized by sperm to begin development.

<p>Female gamete (egg cell) that becomes fertilized by sperm to begin development.</p>
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Sperm

Male gamete that delivers paternal DNA to the oocyte.

<p>Male gamete that delivers paternal DNA to the oocyte.</p>
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Fertilization

Fusion of sperm and oocyte to form a single diploid cell.

<p>Fusion of sperm and oocyte to form a single diploid cell.</p>
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Zygote

First cell formed after fertilization; undergoes rapid mitotic division (cleavage).

<p>First cell formed after fertilization; undergoes rapid mitotic division (cleavage).</p>
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Morula

Solid ball of ~16-32 cells formed by cleavage of the zygote.

<p>Solid ball of ~16-32 cells formed by cleavage of the zygote.</p>
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Blastocyst

Hollow sphere of cells containing the trophoblast and inner cell mass.

<p>Hollow sphere of cells containing the trophoblast and inner cell mass.</p>
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Trophoblast

Outer cell layer of the blastocyst that contributes to placenta formation.

<p>Outer cell layer of the blastocyst that contributes to placenta formation.</p>
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Cytotrophoblast

Inner cellular layer of the trophoblast; contributes to chorion and placenta.

<p>Inner cellular layer of the trophoblast; contributes to chorion and placenta.</p>
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Chorion

Extraembryonic membrane derived from trophoblast layers; forms part of placenta.

<p>Extraembryonic membrane derived from trophoblast layers; forms part of placenta.</p>
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Placenta

Organ facilitating nutrient, gas, and waste exchange between mother and embryo/fetus.

<p>Organ facilitating nutrient, gas, and waste exchange between mother and embryo/fetus.</p>
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Inner cell mass (Embryoblast)

Cluster of cells inside the blastocyst that becomes the embryo proper. (c)

<p>Cluster of cells inside the blastocyst that becomes the embryo proper. (c)</p>
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Bilaminar disc

Two-layered structure formed from embryoblast, consisting of epiblast and hypoblast.

<p>Two-layered structure formed from embryoblast, consisting of epiblast and hypoblast.</p>
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Epiblast

Upper layer of bilaminar disc; gives rise to all three germ layers.

<p>Upper layer of bilaminar disc; gives rise to all three germ layers.</p>
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Hypoblast

Lower layer of bilaminar disc; contributes to extraembryonic tissues like yolk sac. (b)

<p>Lower layer of bilaminar disc; contributes to extraembryonic tissues like yolk sac. (b)</p>
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Amnion

Membrane derived from epiblast that surrounds the embryo in amniotic fluid.

<p>Membrane derived from epiblast that surrounds the embryo in amniotic fluid.</p>
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Gastrulation

Process where the epiblast forms three primary germ layers.

<p>Process where the epiblast forms three primary germ layers.</p>
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Ectoderm

Germ layer that forms skin, nervous system, and sensory organs. (a)

<p>Germ layer that forms skin, nervous system, and sensory organs. (a)</p>
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Mesoderm

Germ layer forming muscle, bone, blood, kidneys, and connective tissues.

<p>Germ layer forming muscle, bone, blood, kidneys, and connective tissues.</p>
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Endoderm

Germ layer forming digestive/respiratory tract linings and associated organs. (c)

<p>Germ layer forming digestive/respiratory tract linings and associated organs. (c)</p>
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Neurulation

Process by which the ectoderm forms the neural tube.

<p>Process by which the ectoderm forms the neural tube.</p>
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Transverse folding

Lateral folding that transforms the flat embryo into a cylindrical body shape.

<p>Lateral folding that transforms the flat embryo into a cylindrical body shape.</p>
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Cephalocaudal folding

Head-to-tail folding that establishes basic body plan and positions organs.

<p>Head-to-tail folding that establishes basic body plan and positions organs.</p>
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Organogenesis

Formation of organs from the three germ layers during weeks 3-8.

<p>Formation of organs from the three germ layers during weeks 3-8.</p>
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Fetal period

Period starting at week 9 characterized by growth and maturation.

<p>Period starting at week 9 characterized by growth and maturation.</p>
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Birth defects

Structural or functional abnormalities present at birth.

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Teratogens

Environmental agents (drugs, chemicals, infections) that cause birth defects.

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Critical periods

Time windows when organs are most vulnerable to teratogens (weeks 3-8).