Crosswinds DA20 Stage 1 Check Review

What is in 14 CFR Part 1?

Definitions and abbreviations

Where can information on preventive maintenance be found?

14 CFR Pt. 43, appendix A, section C

What is the duration of validity for a class I medical below the age of 40? (61.23)

1 calendar year

What is the duration of validity for a class I medical at 40 or older? (61.23)

6 calendar months

What is the duration of validity for a class II medical below the age of 40? (61.23)

5 calendar years

What is the duration of validity for a class II medical at 40 or older? (61.23)

2 calendar years

What is the duration of validity for a class III medical below the age of 40? (61.23)

5 calendar years

What is the duration of validity for a class III medical at 40 or older? (61.23)

2 calendar years

What are the recency requirements to carry passengers? (61.57)

3 takeoffs and 3 landings in the previous 90 days

Must be in aircraft of same category, class, and type

For a tailwheel, landings must be to full stop

To fly at night, landings must be to a full stop 1 hour before sunrise or 1 hour after sunset

What are the requirements for a student pilot to solo? (61.87)

Demonstrate satisfactory knowledge

Log training for procedures to be flown in appropriate aircraft:

Single engine - flight prep, taxi/runup, takeoffs/landings, straight & level, climbs & turns, traffic patterns, danger avoidance, descents, slow flight, stalls & recoveries, emergency procedures, GRMs, slips to a landing, and go-arounds

What are the restrictions placed on a student pilot? (61.89)

No passengers

No pay

No international flights

No flying with visibility <3 miles (day) or < 5 miles (night)

No flying in less than VFR conditions

No flying contrary to logbook limitations

What documents is a pilot required to carry? (61.3)

Medical certificate

Driver's license (or other government photo ID)

Pilot certificate

For students soloing: appropriate logbook endorsements

What documents are required to be in the aircraft? (91.203)

SPARROW

Airworthiness certificate (must be visible)

Registration

POH (operating limitations & weight/balance)

What are the eligibility requirements for a private pilot? (61.103)

Age 17+

Speak, read, and write English

Pass exams

Hold certificate

What are the experience requirements for a private pilot? (61.109)

40 hours total:

20 from instructor (3 cross-country, 3 night, 3 IFR sim, 3 hours within previous 60 days)

10 solo (5 cross-country, 1 flight must include: 150 NM total, full stop at 3 airports, one segment 50 NM straight line, 3 full stop takeoffs/landings w/ control tower)

What are the privileges and limitations for a private pilot? (61.113)

No pay (except for search and rescue expenses)

Must pay at least share of expenses

Can act as PIC for charity

Additional in 61.113

Where are the standards for medical certificates listed?

14 CFR pt 67

What are the limitations for operating an aircraft under the influence of drugs or alcohol? (91.17)

No flying within 8 hours of drug consumption, BAC must be below 0.04

What preflight actions should a pilot be familiar with? (91.103)

Weather

Fuel requirements

Available alternatives

Traffic delays

Runway lengths

Takeoff/landing information

What are the right-of-way rules? (91.113)

Always see and avoid

Aircraft in distress is always prioritized

Converging aircraft of the same category: rightmost has right-of-way

Hierarchy: balloon > glider > airship

Head-on: divert to right

Aircraft being overtaken has right-of-way

Landing aircraft has right-of-way

What are the minimum safe altitudes? (91.119)

Any altitude allowing a safe emergency landing without undue hazard

In a congested area: 1000' above, 2000' horizontal

Other-than-congensted area: 500' AGL or 500' from any object

What are the fuel requirements for VFR flight? (91.151)

Enough to fly 30 mins (day) or 45 mins (night) past 1st point of intended landing

Phonetic alphabet

Alpha

Bravo

Charlie

Delta

Echo

Foxtrot

Golf

Hotel

India

Juliet

Kilo

Lima

Mike

November

Oscar

Papa

Quebec

Romeo

Sierra

Tango

Uniform

Victor

Whiskey

X-ray

Yankee

Zulu

What are the daytime equipment requirements? (91.205)

A TOMATO FLAMES

Airspeed indicator

Tachometer

Oil pressure gauge

Magnetic compass

Altimeter

Temperature gauge (engine - liquid cooled)

Oil temperature gauge

Fuel gauge

Landing gear position indicator

Anti-collision lights

Manifold pressure gauge

Emergency locator transmitter (ELT)

Safety harness

What are the additional nighttime equipment requirements? (91.205)

FLAPS

Fuses

Landing light

Anti-collision lights

Position lights

Source of electricity

What documentation can be checked to know if you can fly with inoperative equipment? (91.213)

M9PTAS

MEL

91.205

POH

TCDS

Airworthiness directives

Safety

What should you do once you see inoperative equipment?

Mark, placard, remove, record

What are the three types/modes of transponders?

A: squawk, no altitude information

C: squawk & altitude

S: unique identifiers and data

Where are transponders required? (91.215)

A/B/C airspace

Between 2500' AGL and 10K' MSL

Within 30 NM of B airport (mode C veil)

Above and within B/C airspace up to 10K' MSL

What is contained in 49 CFR pt. 830?

Requirements for reporting accidents and incidents to the NTSB

What is an accident?

Death or serious injury, substantial aircraft damage

What is an incident?

Other than an accident, affecting safety

What are advisory circulars?

FAA guidelines, supplementary to CFR

PAVE checklist

Risk management:

Pilot

Aircraft

enVironment

External pressures

How long is an airworthiness certificate valid?

As long as the aircraft is properly maintained and inspected at the correct intervals

What are the required aircraft inspections and frequencies?

AV1ATES

Airworthiness directives (91.417)

*VOR, 30 days (91.171)

100 hour, 100 hours if for hire, can be overflown 10 hrs (91.409)

Annual, 12 calendar months (91.409)

Transponder, 24 calendar months (91.413)

ELT, 12 calendar months (91.207)

*Static system/altimeter, 24 months

*IFR only

What is an airworthiness directive?

Legally enforceable "recall notice" that must be complied with to maintain airworthiness

What is a service bulletin?

May or may not be mandatory, but important for safety

What to do if there are existing maintenance squawks?

Do a thorough preflight to rule out safety/compliance issues and avoid liability, report any damage found during preflight

What is the purpose of a special flight permit?

Issued if aircraft does not meet airworthiness requirements but is capable of safe flight (for flying to repairs/inspection, delivery, testing, or evacuation)

Who (among pilots) can perform preventive maintenance?

Certificated, no students

What is a KOEL?

Kinds of Operations Equipment List (MEL plus guidance for operations w/o) - in section 2-12 of the DA20 POH

Where is information on required discrepancy records/placards found?

14 CFR pt. 43.11(b)

What does a weather briefing provide familiarity with?

Wind speed and direction, cloud cover, precipitation, hazards

Where can a weather briefing be obtained?

Calling 1-800-WX-BRIEF or visiting the website

What are the types of weather briefings?

Standard, abbreviated, outlook

Why should a pilot be familiar with the weather before flying?

To remain compliant with the preflight actions of 91.103

What conditions correspond to stable air?

Low visibility but better weather, resistance to vertical motion

What conditions correspond to unstable air?

Better visibility but turbulence/severe weather

What are the layers of the atmosphere and what lies in between each?

Troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere, thermosphere

-pauses in between

Thermosphere is largest

What are the characteristics of a high pressure area?

Air descends = stable, calm and clear

Northern hemisphere: clockwise movement due to Coriolis effect

What are the characteristics of a low pressure area?

Air rises = unstable, clouds and precipitation

Northern hemisphere: counterclockwise movement due to Coriolis effect

What is the standard pressure lapse rate?

Decreases 1" Hg per 1K' altitude

What causes wind?

Uneven heating and the movement of air from high to low pressure

What affects wind speed and direction?

Coriolis force, friction (parallel to isobars)

What is relative humidity?

Actual amount of water vapor in the air compared to the total amount that could exist at a given temperature

What is the dew point?

Temperature at which water vapor will condense given the current temperature and humidity

What are the characteristics of a warm front?

Slides over cold air mass, stable, light precipitation and low visibility, clouds get lower closer to front

What are the characteristics of a cold front?

Pushes up warm air mass, unstable, violent weather (squalls)

What are the characteristics of a stationary front?

Forces are approximately equal

What color depicts an occluded front on a chart?

Purple

What is an air mass?

A uniform volume of air (temperature, pressure,…) that moves due to differences in pressure

When do clouds form?

When relative humidity reaches 100%

What are the ingredients to form clouds?

Moisture, cooling, and a nucleus (aerosol)

What are the types of clouds?

Flat (stratus), lumpy (cumulus), low (stratus), middle (alto-), high (cirro-), cumulonimbus (thunderstorms, extensive vertical development), lenticular

What are the four causes of turbulence?

Mechanical friction (between air and surfaces)

Thermal/convection

Frontal (lifting of warm air)

Wind shear (change in wind direction/speed)

What are the ingredients for a thunderstorm?

Moisture, unstable air, lifting

What are the stages of a thunderstorm?

Developing (cumulus, updrafts), mature (up and downdrafts, precipitation), dissipating (downdrafts)

What are the hazards involved in a thunderstorm?

Rain, low visibility, hail, lightning, wind shear, microbursts (severe downdrafts)

What are the ingredients for icing to occur?

Moisture and freezing temps

What are the hazards associated with icing?

Loss of lift, increased drag, decreased control and performance, CG change, sensor disruption

What are the types of icing?

Clear (changes shape of wings, breaks in chunks), rime (rough, affects aerodynamics), mixed, frost (disrupts airflow)

What are the six types of fog?

Radiation (nighttime cooling)

Advection (warm, moist air moves over cooler ground)

Upslope (mvt up mountainside causes cooling)

Steam (warm water evaporates into cooler air)

Ice/freezing (supercooled, saturated air)

Frontal/precipitation (warm rain falls into cold front)

What weather hazards besides thunderstorms, ice, and fog can affect aeronautical decision-making?

Smoke, haze, and ash all affect visibility

What are the two flight deck weather displays?

EFAS/FSS reports/forecasts

EFAS: en route flight advisory service ("Flight Watch") -122.0

FSS: Flight Service Station

What is a surface analysis chart?

Provides weather snapshots every 3 hours

Shows wind direction and speed, fronts, isobars, temp, and visibility

What does the ceiling and visibility chart show?

Cloud coverage and surface visibility distance

What is a GFA?

Graphical Forecast for Aviation

Shows forecasts for various atmospheric conditions (ceilings, visibility, precipitation, clouds, temperature, pressure, wind…)

What does a low-level prognostic chart show?

IFR/VFR areas, turbulence, freezing, precipitation, fronts, and isobars

What is a TAF?

Terminal Area Forecast

Same codes as METAR

Valid for 24 hours, issued 4x daily

What are the two types of TAF?

Routine and amended

What do the abbreviations TEMPO/FM/BECMG/PROB indicate in a TAF?

Variation/change/probability

What does a METAR provide and how often?

Weather information every hour, valid for 1 hour

AWOS vs ASOS

AWOS: Automated Weather Observing System - every minute, different levels report different weather conditions

ASOS: Automated Surface Observing System - every minute, more advanced than AWOS

What does a winds aloft forecast show and how often is it issued?

Wind direction and speed at various altitudes, 4x daily

What is a PIREP?

Pilot report of weather conditions encountered

What is an AIREP?

Aircraft report (automated, generated by sensors)

What is an AIRMET?

Advisory of moderate weather conditions, issued for 6 hour periods

What are the three types of Airmet?

Sierra: IFR/mountain obscuration

Tango: turbulence, high winds

Zulu: icing

What is a SIGMET?

Reports severe weather conditions as needed, valid for 4 hours

What is a convective SIGMET?

Reports severe thunderstorms, hail, or tornadoes, valid for 2 hours

What is a convective outlook?

Designates areas as forecast to have thunderstorm activity

What is wind shear?

Abrupt changes in wind speed or direction

Associated with jet streams, mountain waves, frontal surfaces, thunderstorms, and microbursts

How can wind shear be recognized?

Variations in indicated airspeed 15 kts or greater

Variations in heading of 10 degrees or greater

What color are runway lights?

White

What color are taxiway lights?

blue on the edge, green on the centerline

What colors are mandatory instruction signs?

Red with white lettering

What colors are direction signs?

Yellow with black letters

What colors are location signs?

Black with yellow letters

What do 1000' markings look like on runways?

1000' from the threshold are thick white rectangles

Every 1000' is marked with a sign