The Fall of the Roman Empire to the First Crusade

Fall of the Roman Empire

Sack of Rome in 455 CE by the Vandals

Romulus Augustus, the last ruler of the Western Roman Empire, is deposed

Odoacer then declares himself King of Italy

Fedoratti

People that were bound by a treaty to Rome

Usually used to identify the socii

Used to describe foreign people and barbarians

The misunderstanding of this policy led to the Social War

They used it to subjecate tribes without warfare, but this failed badly, as evident in barbarians rising to high positions in the Roman Empire

Battle of Frigitus

A battle between Theodosious the Great and the rebel augustus Eugenius in the easter border of Italy

Occured somewhere near the Isonzo and at the foothills of the Julian Alps

Flavius Timasius was Theodosious’s general and allies include Alaric I and the Goths

The mysterious death of Valenitinian II led to this battle because Theodosious the Great claimed that Euginius, the western ruler, was a pagan

Theodosius I

Made Christianity the official religion

Defeated Euginus, his Roman rival, at the Battle of the Frigidus River

Chnodomar

Lost the Battle of Strasbourg

Magnus Maximus

Stilico

Battle of Polentia

General of Theodosuious I

Constantine I

He wanted to invade Persia and baptized in the Jordan River

Lycinius

Battle of Chrysoplhilis

Visigoths

• Capital at Toledo

• Contarsted with the Ostrogoths who ruled Italy

• Reccared I held several councils at Toledo

• The Third of these declared the entry of Visigoth Spain into the Catholic Church

• Roderic, another ruler, died while fighting Tariq ibn Ziyad, the legendary commander of the Ummayads at the Battle of Guadalete

• Governed by the Code of Leoviglid and the earlier Code of Euric

• Wamba was one leader of these people

• One ruler accidentally shot Saint Giles with an arrow

• One ruler painted a black polar to justify his throne

Clovis I

Merovingian Dynasty

The ruler of the Merovingian Dynasty

The Father of the Franks

Baptised in 508 due to his wife St. Clotidle

A dynasty that was based in France and famous ruler was Clovis I

Claimed descent from a sea beast called Quinotaur

Gave power away to the Mayors of the Palace

Based around the Salic Law

A series of “do nothing kings” ruled strarting from Sigibert III

Last independent ruler was Dagobert I

Last ruler was deposed in a decree issued by Pope Zachary, following his head being shaved by his succesor

Justinian I

The most famous ruler of the Byzantine Empire

He was known for creating the Justinian Civil and Law Code

Precopuis wrote Secret History about Justinian

Had two generals, Narses and Belisarius

Two generals, one conquered Italy while the other subdued the Persians

Battle of Mons Laecterius

Byzantine Empire

Iconoclasm

• An empire founded by Constantine I and whose most famous ruler was Justinian I

• An emporer by the name of Basil II was known as the Bulgar Slayer

• Greatest extent in 555 AD

• Theodosuis I made Christianity the state religion

• Lost the Battle of Yaramuk to the Rashiudan Caliphate and lost the provinces of Egypt and Syria

• The Isusurin Dynasty is manily accosiated with iconoclasm

• Leo the Wise wrote the law code Basilika

• The Macedonian Renissance saw a two-century revival but came to an end during the battle of Manzikeret

• An emporer by the name of Basil II was known as the Bulgar Slayer

Constantinople

The capital of the Byzantine Empire

Was conquered by Mehmed the Conqueror in 1453

The location of the Hagia Sofia

The Theodosian Walls were famous and are on the outskirts of Constantinople

The Golden Horn was the naval center of Constantinople

Tapkapi Palace is in this city

English(Old, Middle, Late)

• Created by the Anglo-Saxons

• The Great Vowel Shift

• Masterpieces include Beouwolf and the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle

• Modernized into Middle English after the Norman conquest

Middle English

• By the end of the period (about 1470), and aided by the invention of the printing press by Johannes Gutenberg in 1439, a standard based on the London dialects (Chancery Standard) had become established

• This largely formed the basis for Modern English spelling, although pronunciation has changed considerably since that time. Middle English was succeeded in England by Early Modern English, which lasted until about 1650

• Scots developed concurrently from a variant of the Northumbrian dialect (prevalent in northern England and spoken in southeast Scotland)

• Little survives of early Middle English literature, due in part to Norman domination and the prestige that came with writing in French rather than English. 

• John Wycliffe and Gregory Chauffeur, some famous 14th century authors who wrote the Canterbury Tales

• The Reeve’s Tale

• English Bible

Anglo-Saxons

A term historically used to describe any member of German people that inhabited or ruled England and Wales from the 5th century to 1066. They were Angles, Saxons, and Jutes, according to St. Bede the Venerable. They later created Old English. It was used to distinguish between the Saxons in Germany and the Saxons in England. Rex Angul-Saxonum was a signature used by Alfred the Great. Were united in the 9th century by Alfred the Great, but was interrupted by Canute and his son Cnut the Great, who were Danish kings. Pope Gregory I became a saint for converting the Anglo-Saxons to Christianity

Anglo- Saxon Kingdoms

They formed kingdoms such as

Essex, Sussex, and Wessex(Saxons)

East Anglia, Middle Anglia, Mercia, and Northumbria(Angles)

Kent(Jutes)

Pope Gregory the Great(Gregory I)

A pope who led an effort to convert the Saxons and names a popular type of chant

Contributed to Catholic lithurgy

Known as a saint in Eastern Christianity

Iconocalasm

Occured in the Byzantine Empire during the Isusurian Dyansty

Started twice by a ruler named Leo

Stopped by Irene

Made the Byzantiles look like a fool in front of Western Europe, allowing for Charlamagne to legitimize himself

Second Council of Nicea tried to stop this movement

Charles Martel

On the French side of the Battle of Tours

Founder of the Carolingian Dynasty

Got the cogonem “the hammer” following his victory

Battle of Tours

The French side was led by Charles Martel and Odo the Great

The Arab Side was led by Abul Rahman of the Ummayads

After losing at Bordeaux, Odo the Great of Aquitane reorganized his army and broke the Cordovan Camp

The Duke of Provence, Marontus, allowed the loser of this battle to garrison at Avingon in his attempt to assert independence

Began when the losing side tried to loot the Abbey of St. Martin

Charlemagne [747-814, r768-814 as King of the Franks, r774-814 as King of the Lombards] (aka Charles the Great aka Charles I)

He was King of the Franks, Lombards, and conquered the Saxons and Bavaria. Was crowned Emperor of the Romans in 800 by Pope Leo III. His mass conquests led to executions such as the Massacre of Verdun. His coronation at the St. Peter's Basilica started the Carolingian Renaissance. The Byzantines hated him because there empress, Empress Irene, already was crowned emperor of Constantinople. This also caused the Great Schism between the West and the East in 1054. Aachean was his favorite place to visit. Louis the Pious, his youngest surviving son, was crowned as emperor after his death. He created many dynasty like the House of Habsburg and the House of Luxembourg, and the Capetian dynasty.

Republic of Bulgaria

A nation with capital at Sofia

Fought the Bulgarian-Hungarian War

Basil II was referred to as the Bulgar Slayer

Popularized the Cyrillic alphabet, which Russia adopted

Alfred the Great [849-899, r871-886 as King of the West Saxons, r886-899 as King of the Anglo-Saxons]

The king of England 

Complimated the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle

He protected England from the Danes

Participated in the siege and battle of Reading against the Danes, Battle of Basing, and Merton

He defeats Guthrum, the king of East Anglia, at the Battle of Eddington

A peace treaty in 886 ends the war between them and led to the creation of the Danelaw

Rex Angul-Saxonum was used by Alfred the Great

Leif Erikson

A Viking who was the son of Erik the Red

L'anse Aux Meadows

Scralingi was a tribe they encountered

Olaf Trigvosen converted this man

Edward the Confessor

A ruler of England who was the king before the Battle of Hastings

He gave hegemony to William the Conqueror but Harold Godwinson stole the throne claiming that the king gave him hegemony over England

The start of his reign marks the end of Danish rule in England.

Battle of Hastings

• The last major battle for the dispute of the English throne in 1066

• Precursor to the Battle of Stamford Bridge, where Harald Hadrada was defeated by Harald Godwinson.

• The Battle of Hastings was started when William the Conqueror landed in England

• Harold Harada was defeated by the feign that William's cavalry made in the middle of it all

Seljiuk Turks

Investiture Controversy

A clash between the Holy Roman Empire and the Church

Saw a feud between Pope Gregory VII and Henry IV over appointment of officials

Caused the signing of the Concordant of Worms, which ended the Investiture Controversy between Pope Calixtus II and Henry V

He traveled barefoot to Canossa to beg forgiveness from the Pope

Toledo

• The capital of Spain under Charles V, the former capital of the Visigoths, and the current capital of Castilla-La Mancha

• The Spanish Civil War saw brutal fighting near it’s Alacazar

• Site of the “Day of the Ditch” during with the Amrus commited a massacre

• Saw the Toledo Revolt during the Emirate of Cordoba

• The Council of Toledo directed 23 anathemas(official excommunications) against Arianism

• Reccared I held several councils at Toledo

• The Third of these declared the entry of Visigoth Spain into the Catholic Church

• Alfonso X had his power base at this city, which was the Crown of Castille

• Rivaled Damascus as a center of steel production

• El Greco, a Cretan painter, frequently painted it and one time painted the Alcazar Citadel in the View of Toledo

Budapest: The capital of Hungary and the combination of the cities of Buda and Pest

A Celt city and Roman border city which was the merging site of Wallonian, French, and German traders in ancient times. Attila the Hun’s decline and death caused the Second Age of Migration and the Avar Khaganate took over the Pannonian Basin, the center of the Hunnic empire. The Bulgarian Empire took over the Avar Khaganate with aid from Louis the Pious and established two forts there. The Arpad Clan settled in a island known as Csepel Island and were the reason Hungary became Christian. After the Bulgarian-Hungarian Wars, the city prospered economically. The first Mongol attack on Budapest caught the Kingdom of Hungary and Poland off-guard. The Hungarians were more prepared the second time and the Mongols were halted. Budapest also was one of the capitals of the Austro-Hungarian Empire. The Battle of Mohacas saw the fall of the Kingdom of Hungary. Bela IV was the ruler of Hungary during Mongol attacks

Pantheon

• converted to a Christian church consecrated to St. Mary and the Martyrs

• Phocas of the Byzantine Empire gifted this building to Pope Boniface IV

• Built by the Roman emperor Agustus

• Hadrian rebuilt it

• After the battle of Actium, Marcus Agrippa started the building of the Pantheon

Flanders (Vlaanderen)

• Philip IV

• Battle of Golden Spurs

• The County of Flanders was created in 862 as a feudal fief of West Francia

• Flanders prospered and became a center for wool

• The Hainaut Counts took over Flanders and France took over the Western Districts

• The urban communities defeated France at the Battle of Golden Spurs

• Burgundy annexed Flanders and united it with Brabrant

• In the Late Middle Ages, Ghent, Bruges, and Ypres became major centers for cloth

• Beeldenstorm was a religious movement against Catholicis

People's Crusade

A crusade led by Peter the Hermit

Saw attacks of Jews in Worms and the Rhineland

Kilij Arslan defeated this Cusade at Civetot

The Bishop of Worms tried to shelter Jews and Ruthard of Mainz fought alongside him but they were subdued by Count Emicho

Confused the Selijuks into thinking that was the real crusade

Worms

A city in Germany that was the site of the Diet of Worms which excommunicated Martin Luther as a heretic. He said, “ I am bound by the Scriptures I have quote, and my conscience is captive to the world of God” during the Diet of Worms. Site of an 1122 Concordant. Saw the massacre of over 800 Jews in this city during the Rhineland Massacre in 1096.

First Crusade(Prince’s Crusade)

Began at the Council of Clermont. Called by Urban II because Aleios Komnemos I requested help for defending the Levant. He said “Deus Vult!” as a rallying cry. Walter Sans Avoir caused tensions with Serbia by looting the outskirts of Belgrade. The Battle of Nicea saw the arrival of Robert Curthouse into the conflict. Bohemond of Taranto won at the Battle of Doryleaum. Godfrey of Bouillon was responsible for defending a Fatamid attack at Ascalon.

First Council of Nicea

Carloman II

Ruled from 897