Chapter 9 Study Prompt (Skeletal)

Can you define "articulation"?

joint

List the functions of joints.

mobility of the skeleton, holds skeleton together

list and describe the three types of structural classifications of joints? What factors are these classifications based on? Can you give examples?

classifications (based on material binding the bones together):

1. fibrous: CT fibers; sutures

2. cartilaginous: cartilage; costochondral joint, intervertebral disk

3. synovial: joint capsule, reinforcing ligaments and articular capsule; knee, elbow, shoulder, etc

Can you describe synovial joints? Can you give examples? Can you describe them in terms of functional classification?

Joint contains a fluid-filled space. Any freely movable joint (knee, elbow, shoulder, hip...). All are diarthrotic.

Can you describe the general structure of synovial joints and what each structure is responsible for?

• Two bones capped in hyaline cartilage with a joint space between them defined by an articular capsule (fibrous capsule + synovial membrane).

• Synovial membrane secretes synovial fluid into the cavity to reduce friction. Reinforcing ligament help strap the bones together.

Can you list and describe the types of friction-reducing structures in the synovial joints?

Types:

1. Bursa- synovial membrane sacs that are filled with synovial fluid. Found between structures that can rub together such as tendons, ligaments and bone.

2. Tendon sheaths- elongated bursae that wrap around long tendons to reduce tension.

Can you describe what factors determine a joint's stability?

Factors:

1. Joint surfaces- flatter surfaces are less stable than deeper, matching surfaces ( like ball and socket of hip)

2. Ligaments- the larger and stronger the ligaments the better the stability

3. Muscle tension- muscles cross joints, so the stronger the muscle the stronger the joint will be

Can you define the "origin" and "insertion" of a muscle?

Origin is the end of the muscle that is attached to the least movable bone and insertion is the end of the bone attached to the more movable bone

Can you describe the body planes in which muscles can allow joints to move?

Transverse, sagittal and coronal planes (x,y, and z of space; 3D)

Can you list and describe the different types of range of motion of a joint?

1. Types:
   a. Non-axial: does not rotate around an axis; slipping

b. Uniaxial: one plane of space

c. Biaxial: 2 planes of space

d. Multiaxial: all 3 planes of space

Gliding (describe and give an example of the joint movement)

• slipping motion.

• Between carpals or tarsals

Flexion (describe and give an example of the joint movement)

• decreases angle, extension increases angle back to anatomical and hyperextension increases beyond anatomical.

• Head, elbow, knee...

Rotation (describe and give an example of the joint movement)

• movement around an axis.

• Atlas and axis.

circumduction (describe and give an example of the joint movement)

• cone-in-space movement.

• One end is fixed and the other moves in a circle in space.

• Swinging around the upper or lower limbs.

Plantar flexion (describe and give an example of the joint movement)

• pointing toes down

• foot moves towards floor

dorsiflexion (describe and give an example of the joint movement)

• bringing toes up;

• foot moves up

inversion/eversion (describe and give an example of the joint movement)

• Inversion brings soles in/together,

• eversion brings soles away

adbuction/adduction (describe and give an example of the joint movement)

• Abduction brings structure away from body

• adduction brings it toward midline

protract/retract (describe and give an example of the joint movement)

• Protract juts the jaw out

• retract brings it in

elevate/ depress (describe and give an example of the joint movement)

• Elevate raises and depresses lowers.

• Jaw and shoulders

pronation/supination (describe and give an example of the joint movement)

• Thumb/forearm in anatomical position is supinated.

• Rolling thumb down is pronated.

oppostion (describe and give an example of the joint movement)

thumb touches other fingers

plane (describe and give an example of the joint type)

• nearly flat joint surfaces.

• Does gliding only.

pivot (describe and give an example of the joint type)

• cylindrical projection in a sleeve- rotates.

hinge (describe and give an example of the joint type)

• cylindrical projection in a trough.

• flexion and extension

condyloid [ellipsoidal] (describe and give an example of the joint type)

• oval projection into a complementary shape.

• Flex/extend/abduct/adduct.

• biaxial.

saddle (describe and give an example of the joint type)

• between trapezium and metacarpal 1 that allows the thumb to oppose.

ball and socket (describe and give an example of the joint type)

• head of femur or humerus into a socket. Multiaxial movement.

Temporomandibular (describe the location, stability, and list the movements, and ligaments that follow the major body joint)

• mandible to mandibular fossa of temporal bone.

• Gliding (produces protraction and retraction) and elevation/depression.

• Ligaments: lateral, sphenomandibular and stylomandibular.

Femoropatellar/Lateral and medial tibiofemoral (describe the location, stability, and list the movements, and ligaments that follow the major body joint)

• between femur and tibia and patella. Hinge.

• Ligaments: tendon of quadriceps becomes patellar ligament after the patella.

• Tibial and fibular collateral ligaments.

• Medial and lateral retinaculum, anterior and posterior cruciates, trasverse ligament.

Coxal (describe the location, stability, and list the movements, and ligaments that follow the major body joint)

• between femur and os coxae.

• Ball and socket/multiaxial.

• Ligaments: Iliofemoral, ischiofemoral, pubofemoral ligaments, transverse acetabular, ligamentum teres and acetabular labrum.

Glenohumoral (describe the location, stability, and list the movements, and ligaments that follow the major body joint)

• Between the humerus and the glenoid cavity of the scapula.

• Known as the "shoulder" joint also.

• Ball and socket/multiaxial.

• Ligaments: coracohumoral, acromioclavicular, coracoclavicular. Also has the articular capsule and tendon of the biceps brachii muscle.

Humeroulnar/humeroradial/radioulnar (describe the location, stability, and list the movements, and ligaments that follow the major body joint)

• between humurus and radius and ulna and between radius and ulna.

• Hinge.

• Radius to ulna produces pronation/supination.

• Ligaments: radial and ulnar collateral ligaments and anular ligament.