Sociology of Crime and Deviance Flashcards

Flashcards covering key concepts from a sociology lecture on crime and deviance, focusing on Left Realism, Right Realism, Marxism, Neo-Marxism, feminist perspectives gender differences, subcultural theories, and various approaches to crime prevention.

What is a key critique of traditional criminology according to Left Realism?

It fails to address crime as a societal issue, focusing too much on individual failings.

According to Left Realism, what overlapping social factors influence crime?

Various factors, making crime a multi-factorial phenomenon.

According to victim surveys, which groups are particularly affected by the rise in crime?

Marginalized groups such as the poor, women, and migrants.

How does fear of crime restrict individuals, especially vulnerable populations?

It limits their freedom and mobility.

What was Jock Young's pivotal shift in focus?

From revolutionary change to gradual social reform.

What concept did Jock Young introduce regarding criminal behavior?

Relative deprivation

According to Young, what triggers criminality, rather than poverty alone?

The relative perception of deprivation

What does relative deprivation refer to?

The feelings of being deprived when comparing oneself to others.

How does media portrayals of wealth exacerbate feelings of relative deprivation?

By showcasing the wealth and lifestyles that are unattainable for many.

What is marginalization and how can it lead to criminal behavior?

Feeling sidelined by society, leading to frustration and potential criminal behavior as a form of expression.

What are the four key agents in the Square of Crime framework?

Offender, victim, public, and state.

According to Young (1999), what is linked to rising crime rates?

Economic exclusion

What division of employment security is illustrated by the '40:30:30 society'?

40% in secure jobs, 30% in insecure jobs, and 30% marginalized.

What does economic divide foster, according to Young, that lead to increased crime?

A culture of fear and scapegoating.

What dual role does the mass media play in society?

Providing a platform for inclusion while simultaneously perpetuating stereotypes and fear.

How can media representations influence public perceptions of crime?

Often leading to heightened fear and calls for punitive measures.

What practical solutions to crime does Left Realism advocate for?

Improving street lighting to reduce nighttime violence.

What social reforms does Left Realism emphasize, particularly in drug policy?

Providing supervised access to drugs could reduce crime associated with addiction.

What is essential for effective policy reform regarding crime?

Changing societal attitudes towards crime and its causes.

How can community engagement help in crime prevention?

It can empower individuals and reduce fear of crime.

What programs does Left Realism advocate to mitigate feelings of exclusion and frustration?

Programs that foster community cohesion and provide support for marginalized groups.

How does mass media serve as a point of inclusion for the lower working class?

Particularly television, despite their exclusion from many societal benefits.

How can media portrayal of wealth lead to feelings of relative deprivation?

By creating unattainable aspirations among the lower classes.

What does the concept of a 'bulimic society' describe?

A society where individuals are exposed to material wealth but are unable to access it.

What duality is suggested by Young regarding the lower class?

They are culturally included but structurally excluded from economic benefits.

According to critics like Durkheim, what do the majority of people do?

Conform to societal norms and laws.

What does Right Realist Wilson posit regarding poverty and crime?

Poverty alone does not cause crime, as many impoverished individuals do not engage in criminal behavior.

What factors beyond economic status is a nuanced understanding of crime needed?

Various social factors

Which influential theorists advocate for practical solutions to crime?

Kinsey, Lea, and Young

Why is community strategies and police reform important?

In addressing crime effectively

What measures aim to enhance police sensitivity to community needs and victim support?

The introduction of measures like ASBOs and Criminal Behaviour Orders

What does left realism seek to bridge?

The gap between theoretical understanding and practical application in crime prevention.

What does focus on community engagement and addressing root causes of crime mark?

A significant shift in criminological thought.

What do Their critiques of policing effectiveness highlight?

Systemic issues within law enforcement that hinder crime resolution.

What is the low clear-up rates for crimes in the UK?

Often below 10%

What does it mean that many crimes are reported rather than detected?

Indicating a lack of proactive policing.

What impact has austerity measures have on policing?

Reduced police effectiveness and public trust.

What does distrust among certain social groups complicate?

Police-community relations, leading to aggressive policing tactics.

What police approach is emphasised for better outcomes?

A shift in focus from policing minor offenses to addressing community concerns

What does Young suggest for reducing crime opportunities?

Creating fewer criminogenic areas

According to Young, what outlets should be improved to reduce youth crime?

Improving leisure and sports facilities for youth

What does improve housing standards combat?

Crime reduction

What is crucial for unemployment crime rate reduction?

Addressing unemployment through job creation and training programs

Does Left Realism have empirical data regarding offender motivations?

Critics argue that it lacks empirical evidence, limiting its effectiveness

According to some critics how is Left Realism considered?

As an extension of radical criminology rather than a novel approach

What observation is challenged based on relative deprivation and economic inequality?

Low crime rates in some deprived areas

What is a key critique of traditional criminology according to Left Realism?

It fails to address crime as a societal issue, focusing too much on individual failings. Key theorists include Lea and Young.

According to Left Realism, what overlapping social factors influence crime?

Various factors, making crime a multi-factorial phenomenon. Theorists emphasize the need to consider economic, social, and political elements.

According to victim surveys, which groups are particularly affected by the rise in crime?

Marginalized groups such as the poor, women, and migrants. Victim surveys highlight the disproportionate impact on these vulnerable populations. Lea and Young are key theorists.

How does fear of crime restrict individuals, especially vulnerable populations?

It limits their freedom and mobility. Fear of crime can lead to social isolation and decreased quality of life.

What was Jock Young's pivotal shift in focus?

From revolutionary change to gradual social reform. This shift influenced Left Realism's practical approach to crime.

What concept did Jock Young introduce regarding criminal behavior?

Relative deprivation. Young argued that this concept is central to understanding criminal behavior.

According to Young, what triggers criminality, rather than poverty alone?

The relative perception of deprivation. Young highlighted that it's not just poverty, but the feeling of being deprived compared to others, that triggers criminality.

What does relative deprivation refer to?

The feelings of being deprived when comparing oneself to others. This can lead to frustration and resentment.

How does media portrayals of wealth exacerbate feelings of relative deprivation?

By showcasing the wealth and lifestyles that are unattainable for many. This exacerbates feelings of deprivation and can contribute to crime.

What is marginalization and how can it lead to criminal behavior?

Feeling sidelined by society, leading to frustration and potential criminal behavior as a form of expression. This marginalization can result from various social and economic factors.

What are the four key agents in the Square of Crime framework?

Offender, victim, public, and state. The interaction between these agents shapes the dynamics of crime.

According to Young (1999), what is linked to rising crime rates?

Economic exclusion. Young argued that rising crime rates are linked to the increasing divide between the rich and the poor.

What division of employment security is illustrated by the '40:30:30 society'?

40% in secure jobs, 30% in insecure jobs, and 30% marginalized. This division contributes to social instability and crime.

What does economic divide foster, according to Young, that lead to increased crime?

A culture of fear and scapegoating. This can lead to increased social divisions and punitive measures.

What dual role does the mass media play in society?

Providing a platform for inclusion while simultaneously perpetuating stereotypes and fear. This duality can influence public perceptions of crime.

How can media representations influence public perceptions of crime?

Often leading to heightened fear and calls for punitive measures. Media representations can shape public opinion and influence crime policy.

What practical solutions to crime does Left Realism advocate for?

Improving street lighting to reduce nighttime violence. Left Realism emphasizes practical solutions to address immediate crime issues.

What social reforms does Left Realism emphasize, particularly in drug policy?

Providing supervised access to drugs could reduce crime associated with addiction. Left Realism advocates for harm reduction strategies.

What is essential for effective policy reform regarding crime?

Changing societal attitudes towards crime and its causes. This requires addressing underlying social and economic factors.

How can community engagement help in crime prevention?

It can empower individuals and reduce fear of crime. Community engagement is a key component of Left Realism's approach.

What programs does Left Realism advocate to mitigate feelings of exclusion and frustration?

Programs that foster community cohesion and provide support for marginalized groups. These programs aim to reduce feelings of exclusion and frustration.

How does mass media serve as a point of inclusion for the lower working class?

Particularly television, despite their exclusion from many societal benefits. Mass media serves as a point of inclusion for the lower working class.

How can media portrayal of wealth lead to feelings of relative deprivation?

By creating unattainable aspirations among the lower classes. This can lead to feelings of relative deprivation and resentment.

What does the concept of a 'bulimic society' describe?

A society where individuals are exposed to material wealth but are unable to access it. This creates a sense of frustration and deprivation.

What duality is suggested by Young regarding the lower class?

They are culturally included but structurally excluded from economic benefits. This duality highlights the challenges faced by the lower class.

According to critics like Durkheim, what do the majority of people do?

Conform to societal norms and laws. Durkheim's perspective contrasts with Left Realism's focus on the causes of crime.

What does Right Realist Wilson posit regarding poverty and crime?

Poverty alone does not cause crime, as many impoverished individuals do not engage in criminal behavior. Wilson's view contrasts with Left Realism's emphasis on economic factors.

What factors beyond economic status is a nuanced understanding of crime needed?

Various social factors. A nuanced understanding of crime needs factors beyond economic status.

Which influential theorists advocate for practical solutions to crime?

Kinsey, Lea, and Young. Influential theorists advocate for practical solutions to crime.

Why is community strategies and police reform important?

In addressing crime effectively. Community strategies and police reform are important in addressing crime effectively.

What measures aim to enhance police sensitivity to community needs and victim support?

The introduction of measures like ASBOs and Criminal Behaviour Orders. Enhance police sensitivity to community needs and victim support.

What does left realism seek to bridge?

The gap between theoretical understanding and practical application in crime prevention. Seeks to bridge the gap between practical application and crime prevention.

What does focus on community engagement and addressing root causes of crime mark?

A significant shift in criminological thought. Focus on community engagement and addressing root causes of crime.

What do Their critiques of policing effectiveness highlight?

Systemic issues within law enforcement that hinder crime resolution. Critiques of policing effectiveness.

What is the low clear-up rates for crimes in the UK?

Often below 10%. Low clear-up rates for crimes in the UK.

What does it mean that many crimes are reported rather than detected?

Indicating a lack of proactive policing. Indicating a lack of proactive policing that many crimes are reported rather than detected.

What impact has austerity measures have on policing?

Reduced police effectiveness and public trust. Impacts that austerity measures have on policing.

What does distrust among certain social groups complicate?

Police-community relations, leading to aggressive policing tactics. Distrust among certain social groups complicate.

What police approach is emphasised for better outcomes?

A shift in focus from policing minor offenses to addressing community concerns. Police approach is emphasised for better outcomes.

What does Young suggest for reducing crime opportunities?

Creating fewer criminogenic areas. Young suggest for reducing crime opportunities.

According to Young, what outlets should be improved to reduce youth crime?

Improving leisure and sports facilities for youth. According to Young, what outlets should be improved to reduce youth crime?

What does improve housing standards combat?

Crime reduction. Improve housing standards to combat.

What is crucial for unemployment crime rate reduction?

Addressing unemployment through job creation and training programs. Crucial for unemployment crime rate reduction.

Does Left

Critics argue that it lacks empirical evidence, limiting its effectiveness. Does Left Realism have empirical data regarding offender motivations?