Giddes APUSH Unit 6 Test

Ralph Waldo Emerson

Amer writer, lyceum lecturer (20 yrs took a Wern tour every winter) + leading exponent of transcendentalism; stresses self-reliance, self-improvement, self-confidence, optimizing, + freedom; in 1844 wrote "Euro stretches to the Alleghenies; Amer lies beyond" + popular essay "Self-Reliance"; most thrilling public effort - Phi Beta Kappa address "The American Scholar"; 1850s - critic of slavery

"Self-Reliance"

Emerson's popular lecture essay that deeply struck a responsive chord; popular literature of that time abounded w/portraits of unique, isolated figure; Emerson didn't care abt conforming to others + followers own individual ideas

Rendezvous

Fre for 'meeting'; system used in fur-trapped empire; traders came from St. Louis to Rockies valley, made a camp, + waited for trappers + Natives to come w/beaver pelts to trade for goods from East; thrived for 20 yrs

Ecological imperialism

what historians called the aggressive + heedless exploitation of nature's beauty (natural resources, plants, animals)

George Catlin

painter + student of Native life; among first Amer to advocate preservation of nature as a national policy after seeing Sioux Natives in SD kill to trade buffalo tongues for whiskey; proposed creation of national park, leading to Yellowstone Park in 1872

Population growth

population continued to double every 25 years cuz of medicine + as Amer moved westward

Urbanization

increase in percentage + # of people living in cities; in 1790, only 2 cities (NY + Philly) had population of 20,000; by 1860, 43 cities + ~300 other places had 5,000 inhabitants; lots of by-products including smelly slums, feeble street lighting, inadequate policing, impure water, foul sewage, ravenous rats, + improper garbage disposal

European immigration

many Europeans had surplus ppl, freedom from caste system, no state church, + steamships made easier/cheaper to come over; immigration 3x in 1840s + 4x in 1850s; 60 mil ppl abandoned Euro + 25 million didn't go to Amer

Irish immigration

1.5+ million ppl immigrated cuz of potato famine in Ireland; poor, so forced to live in cities like Boston + NY (eventually they became largest Irish cities); scorned by Amer ('proper' Protestants) as they thought they were a social menace

Ancient Order of Hibernians

semi-secret society founded in Ireland to fight landlords; served in Amer as a friendly society helping the oppressed; helped spawn Molly Maguires

Molly Maguires

shadowy Irish miners' union that rocked Penn coal districts in 1860s/70s; helped campaign against poor working conditions

Tammany Hall

political organization within democratic party in NYC; late 1800s + early 1900s; sought political control by corruption bossism; Irish would gain control + dominate police departments in many cities

German immigration

1.5 million immigrants from 1830-1860; many were farmers, displaced, by crops, + other hardships; immigrated from militarism + war from euro, becoming fortification of isolationist sentiment of upper MI valley; had liberal political refugees; many had material goods so could push out to midwest (wisconsin) + built their farms; influential voters, but less powerful cuz more scattered; drank lots of beer; brought Conestoga wagon, KY rifle, + Christmas tree; supported public schools (kindergarten) + hated slavery; did lots to stimulate art + music; wanted to preserve their language + culture

"Nativists"

amer who opposed immigration; feared that foreign horses would outbreed, outvote, + overwhelm 'native' stocks; Catholicism would rise in ranks (1st in 1850 w/~1.8 million) as more irish/germans in 1840s/50s

"Know-Nothing Party"

1849; formed by nativists + known as 'order of the star-spangled banner'; political party in 1850s; anti-Cath + anti-immigrants; aka amer party; derived from secretiveness

Awful Disclosures

1836; one of the books by Maria Monk (nativist who spoke abt 'secret sins' of Catholic church); sold 300,000+ copies

Industrial Revolution

transformation from agriculture to industrial nation; wouldn't of been possible w/o immigrants that fueled economic expansion; developed machines to produce textiles + transformed agricultural production + methods of transport/communication

Factory system

system bringing manufacturing steps together in 1 place to increase efficiency; spread from Britain

Samuel Slater

'father of the factory system' in amer + father of movement; skilled 21 yo British mechanic who brought over british machinery plans to amer; made 1st efficient amer machinery for spinning cotton thread in 1791

Eli Whitney

mechanical genius from MA; graduated from Yale + went to GA + served as priv tutor while studying law; invented cotton gin in 10 days (1793) + interchangeable parts

Cotton gin

invented by Whitney in 1793; short for engine (gin) + 50% more effective than hand picking; made cotton profitable in amer; revived slavery

Cotton Kingdom/ "King Cotton"

name given to S after cotton became dominant agricultural product; slave labor cleared more land for cotton, pushing more W (of AL + MI); factories flourished in New Eng even tho branched out into NY, NJ, + PA

Tariff of 1816

1st protective tariff in amer that helped industry; raised prices of British goods (cheaper + better quality)

Interchangeable parts

created by Whitney; identical pieces could be assembled quickly by unskilled workers; largely adopted in 1850; become basis of modern mass production; helped factories in N flourish

Elias Howe

invented sewing machine in 1846

Isaac Singer

improved sewing machine, giving it strong boost to N industries; eventually became foundation of ready-made clothing industries

Patent Office

federal govt bureau that reviews applications; patent is legal recognition of new invention; granted exclusive rights to inventors for some time; clerk resigned in despair, complaining that all significant inventions had been discovered (in 1860s, 28,000 patents were signed)

Limited liability

principle that allowed investors to risk no more in business venture that their own share of corporation's stock (cases of legal claims or bankruptcies)

Samuel F.B. Morse

invented telegraph; in 1844, strung wire 40 miles from washington to baltimore + tapped out a message)

"Wage slaves"

northern factory workers were kicked out when they were too old to work (unlike slaves who were still kept, fed, + clothed)

Labor unions

workers formed an organization for better working conditions + wages; forbidden by law

Strikes

union's methods for their demands met; workers would be working until conditions are met; erupted in 1830s/40s; for higher wages + 10-hour work days; usually lost

"Scabs"

employers hired strikebreakers to replace workers when unions strike; usually ppl who just came from OW; in 1830, 300,000 unionists were replaced, lessening strikes

Commonwealth v. Hunt

1842; MA Supreme Court decision declaring labor unions were legal + said their methods were 'honorable/peaceful'; strengthened labor movement (upheld legality of unions)

"Factory girls"

young women employed in factories of early 19th cen; worked 6 days a week + labored for long hours in hard conditions; lived in conditions away from farms + families; forbidden to form unions + had few opportunities to share discontent over conditions; new level of independent

Catharine Beecher

encouraged other women to work as nurses, teachers, + maids but still role of homemaker; succeed as men would leave teaching to pursue other jobs, allowing women to feminize that occupation; 10% worked for pay outside homes in 1850; 20% were employed before getting married

"Cult of domesticity"

idealized view of women + home; women expected to be selfless caregivers for children + refuge for husbands; commanded immense moral power + made decisions that altered family's character

John Deere

in 1837 invented steel plow, changing farming; steel plow broke soil sharply + effectively; solved problems of thick soil in W; light enough to be pulled by horses

Cyrus McCormick

from VA; invented mechanical mower-reaper to harvest gains; 1 man = work of 5

McCormick reaper

allowed farmers to cut more wheat in less time; invented by McCormick

Cash-crop agriculture

agricultural production crops sold for cash on market + mass produced for consumption

Lancaster Turnpike

built in 1790s by priv company; road from PA that went W from Philly to Lancaster (62 miles); drivers reach tollage at barrier of sharp pikes which turned aside after paying tolls; 15% dividends to stockholders

Turnpike

roads where tolls were paid; sharp pickles on rod would turn aside after tolls are paid

Cumberland Road

1st road built by federal govt in 1839; from Cumberlands, ML to Vandilia, IL; later extensions brought it from Baltimore (Chesapeake bay) to MI River (st. louis); construction had interference cuz of war of 1812 + internal improvements protests

Robert Fulton

painter-engineer who installed a steam engine in ship; started steamboat crazy in 1807; steamboats could church against current (10 mph vs previous 1 mph); 60 steamboats on MI + tributaries in 1820; ~1000 steamboats in 1860

Clermont

ship which fulton installed a steam engine in; went from NYC to Albany in 32 hours (great); dubbed as 'fulton's folly'

Erie Canal

1817-1825; dug by NYers; cut off federal aid by states' rights; linked Great lakes w/hudson river; led + funded by governor clinton; named 'clinton's big ditch' or 'the governor's gutter'; 5 mph (more efficient); caused shipping to lower from $100 to $5 + transport time from 20 days to 6 days

DeWitt Clinton

led + funded building erie canal, which linked GL w/hudson river

1833 N.Y. Legislature decision on railroads

outlawed railroad form carrying freight temporarily protected erie canal investment; early railroads were dangerous public menace - sparks could set fire to haystacks + houses; appalling railway accidents could turn wooden 'mini hells' into flaming funeral pyres for rides; improvement were made

Cyrus Field

1858; amer businessman who organized a joint anglo-amer-canadian venture to stretch cable under deep N Atlantic water from Newfoundland to Ireland; 1866, heavier cable set in place that permanently linked amer + euro continents; laid 1st telegraph wire across atlantic; cut down time for messages between euro + amer

Savannah

pioneer amer steamer that crept across atlantic in 1819; used sails most of time + made for 1 day by brit captain who thought it was on fire

Clipper ships

sleek new craft that were long + narrow; glided across sea + could outrun any steamship, but made smaller cargo space; steamers were more profitable cuz there were steadier, roomier, + more reliable

Pony Express

1860; carried mal 2,000 miles from St. Joseph, MO to Sacramento, CA; 100 days; rider saddled at stations that were 10 miles apart; lost a ton of money + died out from better communication forms

Transportation revolution

rapid growth in speed + convenience of transportation; allowed for exploration + exploitation of W; canals + railroads radiated from E across alleghenies + into blossoming heartland; would offset 'natural' flow of trade on interior rivers by laying down grid of internal improvements

Market revolution

ppl bought + sold goods rather than making them; transformed amer in 1800s; transformed a subsistence economy of scattered farms + tiny workshops into national network of industry + commerce; new chief justice Roger B. Taney argued 'the rights of community' outweigh any corporate rights instead of protecting contract right by requiring states govt to grant irrevocable charters; decision opened new entrepreneurial channels + encouraged greater competition

The Age of Reason

written by Thomas Paine in 1794; declared that all churches were 'set up to terrify + enslave mankind, + monopolize power + profit'

Deism

religion promoted by Paine; ppl relied on reason (not revelation) + science (not Bible); rejected sin + denied Jesus' divinity; believed that there's a supreme being who create universe + gave humans ability of moral behavior; helped inspire ppl to turn away from puritanism, starting another movement in New Eng

Unitarians

believed God existed in only 1 person, not Trinity (god of father, son, holy spirit); denied Jesus, but stressed goodness of humans (not vileness); believed in free will + possible salvation through good deeds; thought of god as loving father; embraced by leading thinkers (including Emerson), movement appeals to rationalists + ppl who constructed w/Calvinism doctrines (predestination + human depravity)

Second Great Awakening

2nd strong reaction against religious liberalism; started in south + went into cities of NE; more ppl were converted than 1st one; most momentous episodes of amer religion; left many awake converted souls, shattered/reorganized churches + many sects; moral movements such as prisons reforms, temperance cause, women's rights, + crusade to abolish slavery; Methodists + Baptists both encouraged conversion

Peter Cartwright

best-known Methodist for 'circuit rider' or traveling frontier preachers; ill-educated but sinewy servant came from TE to IL telling sinner to repent; converted thousands of souls to Lord; lashed devil w/tongue + knock out ppl trying to break his meeting w/fists

Charles Grandison Finney

greatest revival preacher; trained as lawyer; had huge crows to hear his messages; led huge revivals in Rochester + NYC in 1830 + 1831; preached version of old-time religion, innovator - devised 'anxious bench' where sinners would stay to see congregation, encouraged women to pray aloud in public; denounced alcohol + slavery; held promise of perfect Christian kingdom; served as president of Oberlin College (in OH), helped to make revivalist activity + abolitionism

"Burned-Over District"

name for western NY, where religious fervor of 2nd Gr Aw; Semonizers (preachers) preaching 'hellfire + damnation'

Adventists

aka Milerites; 100,000 adherents, came from soil of those burned-over districts; named after William Miller; thought Christ would come back on Oct 22, 1844; gathered in assemblies to greet redeemer; failure of Christ to descend on schedule dampened, but didn't destroy movement

Joseph Smith

founded Mormonism in NY in 1830 w/help of 1 angel; announcement that god sanctioned polygamy (having 1+ wife) split the Mormons + led to uprising against Mormons in 1844; translated Book of Mormon; accused of polygamy + murdered by mob in IL

Mormons

aka Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saint; founded by Joseph Smith in Salt Lake City, UT; aroused anger cuz voted as 1 unit + by openly but understandably drilling their military for defensive purposes; antagonized rank file amer who supported free enterprise

Brigham Young

amer religious leader of Mormon church after assassination of Smith; received 11 days of formal schooling but was aggressive leader, eloquent preacher, + gifted administrator; territorial governor of UT; determined to escape further religious persecution

Utah

state where Mormons went to escape religious persecution; end of 1848, 5,000 settlers + other large bands; grew at rapid pace; Young was governor + federal govt couldn't control hierarchy; would settle anti-polygamy laws passed by congress in 1862 + 1882 to avoid conflict; became a state in 1896

Deseret

community set up by Mormons; self-sufficient by Great Salt Lake

Public Education

tax-supported schools were rare + privileged for elite; ppl wanted free education, which conservatives saw as beneficial too (stability, democracy, republican values be taught, good citizens, discipline + hard work, skills like reading to operate machinery in factories, + Americanize immigrants); more abundant in N than S bc were hesitant to adapt reforms (plantation-based economy)

Manhood suffrage

extension of right to vote to all white males regardless of social standing; free vote cried aloud for free education

Horace Mann

education reform leader + 'father of amer public schools'; campaigned for more + better schoolhouses, longer school terms, higher pay for teachers, + expanded curriculum; benefits N more than S

Noah Webster

'school master of republic'; graduate from Yale + from CT; 'reading lessons' were used by many children + designed to promote patriotism; famous dictionary (1828) helped standardize amer language (spent 20 years on it)

William H. McGuffey

from OH; educators in early 1800s; 1830s grade school readers sold 122 million copies in following decades; hammered homes lessons in patriotism, morality, + idealism

McGuffey's Readers

1st reading books for diff grade levels; written by McGuffey; taught morality, patriotism, + idealism

State-supported universities

universities supported by state taxes (lower tuition); first sprung up in S; Uni of NC was 1st; Uni of VA stood out among rest as it was dedicated to freedom of religious/political beliefs; modern language + science received unusual emphasis

Emma Willard

1821 founded Troy Female Seminary in NY (model for girls' schools)

Mary Lyon

pioneering women's educators; founded Mount Holyoke Seminary in MA; 1st women's college

Lyceum lectures

public lectures that were abt diff topics from science to moral philosophy; part of flourishing higher education

Dorothea Dix

formidable N Eng teacher; frail women w/lung trouble; traveled 60,000 miles in 8 years recorded observations on insanity + asylum; 1843 petition to MA govt described that jail cells were so foul that no visitors were driven back by stench; persistent waiting resulted in better conditions + gain for concept that crazy weren't perverse but mentally ill

American Peace Society

1828; founded by Ladd; formally condemned all war but supported US govt during Civil War, WW1, + WW2; dissolved after UN was formed in 1945

William Ladd

led amer peace society; gave speeches that promoted peace; legs were so badly ulcerated that he had to sit on a stool; ideas were able to be spoke out in international organization for collective security of 20th cen

American Temperance Society

founded in Boston 1826; part of growing effort of reformers to limit alcohol consumption; implored drinkers to sign temperance pledge + organize children's clubs

T.S. Arthur

wrote "Ten Nights in a Barroom and What I Saw There"; described how village was ruined by tavern; 2nd best seller in 1850s + successful runs of stage

Prohibition

law prohibiting sale of alcoholic beverages

Neal S. Dow

'father of prohibition'; mayor of Portland + employer of labor; sponsored 1st prohibition law in Maine in 1857

Maine Law of 1851

'law of heaven Americanized'; prohibited manufacture + sale of alcohol; a dozen other states followed Maine's lead, but most laws were ineffective + repealed in

Elizabeth Cady Stanton

mother of 7; insisted on leaving 'obey' out of marriage ceremony; advocated for women's suffrage; organized the Seneca Falls Convention creating Women's Rights Movement

Susan B. Anthony

lecturer for women's rights; became a conspicuous advocate of female rights that progressive women were called 'Suzy Bs"

Dr. Elizabeth Blackwell

pioneer in the previously forbidden profession for women - 1st woman to graduate medical college

Women's Rights Convention at Seneca Falls

met in 1848; Stanton read Declaration of Sentiments + declared 'all men and women are created equal'; demanded ballots for females + launched modern women's rights movement

"Declaration of Sentiments"

declared all men and women are created equal at Women's Rights Convention at Seneca Falls; spirit of declaration of independence; 1 resolution demanded women's right to vote

Robert Owen

wanted human betterment; wealthy + idealist; Scottish textile manufacturer, founded communal society of ~1000 people at New Harmony, IN

New Harmony

settlement for 1st try at utopian society by Owen; colony sank in morass of contradiction + confusion

Brook Farm

MA; made up of 200 acres of soil; based on ‘plain living + high thinking’; cooperation of 20 intellectuals committed to transcendentalism; community fell into debt + dissolved when home was burned to ground in 1846

Oneida Community

utopian community established in NY in 1848; practiced free love, birth control, + eugenic selection for parents to produce superior offspring; flourished for 30+ yrs bcs of superior steel traps + silver plates

Shakers

founded in Eng in 1747; brought to Amer by Mother Ann Lee in 1774; bank of followers moved to NY + gained 6,000 members in 1840; prohibited both marriage + sexual relationships, which caused their extinction by 1940

John J. Audubon

French descended naturalist; painted wild owl in natural habitat; illustrated Birds of America; society named after him created protection of birds even though as a young man, he shot birds

Federal Style

system of amer architecture; borrowed from Greek + Roman examples + emphasized symmetry, balance + restraint; Charles Bulfinch's design of NA State House + Ben Ltrobe adds to the US Capitol + White House

Greek revival

federalist architecture borrowed from classical Greece; emphasis pointed on arches, sloped roofs, + large stained-glass windows; partly stimulated by efforts of greeks in 1820s wrest independence from 'terrible turks'

Gilbert Stuart

painter from RI; painted many portraits of Washington, creating idealized + dehumanized image of him; former president had grown old + lost teeth when washington started to paint portraits; 1 of the paintings were $1 billion; wielded his brush in competition w/other Brit artists; returned to amer