Psychobiology Exam 4 Study Notes (Chapters 17 & 18) (copy) (copy)

Phineas Gage

A classic case illustrating how damage to the frontal lobe can change personality and affect emotional regulation.

Darwin’s Theory of Emotion

Suggests that emotional expressions evolved as behavioral signals indicating an animal's intentions or feelings.

James-Lange Theory

Proposes that emotions arise from the brain interpreting physiological responses; for example, we feel fear because our heart races.

Cannon-Bard Theory

Argues that emotional experiences and physiological reactions occur simultaneously but independently.

Kluver-Bucy Syndrome

Demonstrated in monkeys with damaged amygdalas, highlighting the amygdala's role in fear and aggression regulation.

Ekman’s Research

Discovered that basic emotional expressions such as happiness, anger, and fear are universally recognized across cultures.

Facial Feedback Hypothesis

Suggests that facial expressions can influence emotional experiences.

Colony Intruder Model

Analyzes how rats act defensively or aggressively when encountering intruders.

Fear Conditioning

A learning process where a neutral stimulus becomes associated with a frightening event.

Psychoneuroimmunology

Investigates how stress impacts the immune system and overall health.

Schizophrenia

Characterized by hallucinations, delusions, and disorganized thinking.

Dopamine Theory of Schizophrenia

Suggests excessive dopamine activity precipitates the symptoms of schizophrenia.

Monoamine Theory of Depression

Proposes that depression is due to low levels of neurotransmitters like serotonin and norepinephrine.

Neuroplasticity Theory

Proposes that depression results from reduced brain plasticity.

Hypomania

A lesser form of mania, characterized by milder and shorter episodes.

Anxiety Disorders

Includes disorders characterized by excessive fear or worry through various symptoms.

Tourette’s Syndrome

Identified by tics linked to issues in the basal ganglia and frontal cortex.

Non-Drug Treatments for Disorders

Include techniques like Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT), exercise, and mindfulness.