Exam 3 - HIST 1020 - Gaddis

Selling the war

• Much more heavily radicalized propaganda

- Explicitly equating the enemy with racist troupes

- Characterized as less than human/monstrous

• Urges people to participate in the war from a moral dimension (as a soldier, homemaker, etc.)

- Not just good for the nation, but the morally right and morally obligated thing to do

(remember the posters)

The Holocaust

The industrialization of death

• Systematic campaign of execution by Germans

- Idea of purifying the state

--- Nationalism taken to its extremes

--- Use of industrial processes

• statistics on the Holocaust:

- 6 million Jews

- ~5+ million Non-Jewish Soviet civilian

- ~1.8 million Non-Jewish Polish civilians

- ~200,000 Roma (Gypsy)

- 200,000 mentally ill or physically disabled

- 70,000 repeat criminal offenders

- ~5,000 war criminals

- ~3,000-9,000 homosexuals

- ~2,000 Jehovah's Witnesses

Hiroshima

• August 6, 1945

• first atomic bomb "Little Boy" is dropped on Japan

- combined with the bombing of Nagasaki, brings about the end of WWII

Nagasaki

• August 9, 1945

• second atomic bomb "Fat Man" is dropped on Japan

- combined with the bombing of Hiroshima, brings about the end of WWII

Three worlds

• First World America

• Second World Russia

• Third World developing countries

Cold War

worldwide rivalry between the United States and the Soviet Union

North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)

• 1949 military alliance

• Capitalist countries

• N. America, Western Europe

• Marshall Plan

Warsaw Pact

• 1955 military alliance

• Response to NATO

• Communist countries (USSR and E. Europe)

Iron Curtain

• Europe divided into blocs of influence

• Originally symbolic--later materialized (fences, walls)

• Keeps countries from contact

• Germany divided

- West Germany (Federal Republic--capitalist)

- East Germany (German Democratic Republic--communist)

- Berlin Wall

--- Dividing city

--- Becomes main symbol of Cold War

Redlining

• Drawing of lines on a map to identify areas in which banks will refuse to loan money

• Denying loans in certain areas or neighborhoods due to race, religion, sex, familial status, or a disability (minorities)

Red Scare

• Extreme fear and paranoia of Communism

• Began in government

- Moved to entertainment, all aspects of society

• Led by Senator Joseph McCarthy

• Extreme persecutions of suspected Communists

Korean War

• 1950-1953

• N. Korea invades S. Korea

- Soviet, Chinese (Communist) and Americans involved

- Becomes proxy war for capitalist/communist ideological struggle

- Result: Korea divided

--- Extending capitalist/communist divisions to Asia

--- Extending battlefield of American anti-Communism

Decolonization

The process by which colonies gained their independence from the imperial European powers after WWII

• Patterns of decolonization:

- Civil war

- Wars of independence

- Negotiated independence

- Incomplete decolonization

Mao Zedong

• Emerges as leader of Chinese Communist Party during the Long March (1934)

• Myths and legends of the march

People's Republic of China (PRC)

Communists come to power

• After WWII, hostilities between Nationalists and Communists resume

- Nationalists and CSK: backed by U.S.

--- Held cities

--- Struggling to regain power after Japanese fight

- Communists and Mao

--- Backed by Soviets

--- Support in countryside

• 1946-1949: open civil war

• 1949: communists prevail

- CSK and followers go to Taiwan

- October: Mao declares founding of the People's Republic of China (PRC)

Partition

• August 14, 1947: Pakistan gets independence

- Muslim state

• August 15, 1947: India gets independence

- Hindu state

• Sparks mass migration

- 12-15 million people

- Hindus and Sikhs toward India, Muslims toward Pakistan

• Violence and atrocities

- Sectarian violence

- Around 1,000,000 killed

- Gandhi fasts in protest

Zionism

• A movement founded in the 1890s to promote the establishment of a Jewish homeland in Palestine.

- Jewish self-determination requires relocation to place of origin

- European movement

- Britain promised Jewish homeland in WWI (Also to Arabs)

- Jews started settling--clashes with Arabs

• Post-WWII

- Enormous demand (and sympathy) for homeland

- United Nations partitions Palestine (Arab and Jewish territories)

- British control in Palestine expires: Israel declares itself independent state

Apartheid

• The former policy of racial segregation and oppression in the Republic of South Africa (directed towards Africans, Indians, colored people)

• Directed at Africans, Indians, colored people

- Racial caste and classification system

• All political rights removed

• Schools segregated

• All racial mixing prohibited (interracial marriage, etc)

• Group Areas Act (1950)

- Black African forced to live in "homelands"

--- Separate racial/tribal territories

--- Prohibited from travel without passes

African National Congress (ANC)

• Founded, 1912, by educated middle class Africans

- Toward participation in colonial govt.

• 1950s: changed mission and focus

- Nonviolent resistance

- Broader membership

- Full independence

• Strikes, demonstrations, burning of travel passes, etc.

• Sharpville massacre (1960)

- 69 unarmed protesters killed

- Government bans ANC

Soweto Uprising

• 1976

• In response to proposal to teach in Afrikans

• Huge protests, hundreds killed

• State of emergency declared

Ho Chi Minh

• Leaves Vietnam for London, Paris

• Widely read in socialist/communist literature

- Helps found Communist party in France

- Adopts these ideas as tool for Vietnamese liberation

- Travels to China during revolutionary transition

• 1941: establishes Viet-Minh

- Nationalist independence organization

- Mobilized peasantry during WWII Japanese occupation

Vietnam wars

Vietnam under colonial rule (Indochina)

• Claimed by French since 1880s

- Small minority of French given power

- Rice export industry--huge land grants

- Largely landless peasant class

• Vietnamese middle class

- Educated in French or French run schools

- Restricted positions in government or industry

- Reform along Western lines

• Often from abroad

Ho Chi Minh

First Indochina War

• Post WWII: French re-assert control over country

• Ho Chi Minh led armed resistance

- Guerilla tactics rather than open battle

- Big casualties on both sides

- French military not able to prevail

• American assistance

• Dien Bien Phu (1954)

- Decisive victory for Vietnamese

• Geneva Convention (1954)

- Partitions Vietnam

• North: Ho Chi Minh controlled

• South: American and French backed Vietnamese run government

• Incomplete decolonization?

Vietnam War (again)

• North Vietnam

- Largely communist and anti-imperialist

- Undergoing land reform

• South Vietnam

- Propped up (and armed) by U.S.

• 1965 U.S. launches full invasion

- North Vietnamese aided by Soviets

- 500,000 U.S. troops eventually sent

- Peasant support for anti-imperial guerillas

- U.S. withdraws troops, 1973

• 1975 South Vietnamese government collapses

- Communist governance wins out

Vietnam in America

• First "living room war"

- Televised atrocities and unfiltered news

- Not reflective of official U.S. government message

- Decreasing public support

• Massive protest

- Student led

- Objection to draft

• 80% of soldiers from poor or working class families

• Capitalism failing?

The Pill

• Oral contraception, developed U.S. 1950s

• 1960 birth control pill introduced in U.S.

- 1961: introduction in Britain

• For married women only

- In U.S. used by 1.2 million with 2 years

The Feminine Mystique

• by Betty Friedan (1963)

- "The problem that has no name"

--- Suburban, domestic discontent

--- Unequal pay and opportunity

Civil Rights Movement

Civil Rights Movement: global foundations

• Reconstruction America

• Plessy vs. Ferguson (1896)

• Jim Crow in the South

• Black Soldiers in WWII

- Warm reception in France

- Confronted continued discrimination at home

- WWII era riots

• Gandhian nonviolence

- Martin Luther King Jr.

• Radical political organizing

- Highlander School (Tennessee)

- Alabama Communist Party

- Southern Tenant Farmer's Union

Civil Rights Movement: tactics and approaches

• Legal challenges

- Brown vs. Board of Education, 1954

• Nonviolent, mass resistance

- Montgomery Bus Boycott, 1955-1956

- Lunch counter sit-ins, 1960

• Media attention and public persuasion

- Birmingham campaign, 1963

• Legislation

- Civil Rights Act, 1964

- Voting Rights Act, 1965

Civil Rights Movement: reflections and realities

• School desegregation

- "All deliberate speed"

- Segregation academies, equalization schools

- Most integrated, 1970s

• Youth movement and radicalization

- Black Panthers

• Rejection of American ideals

- pan-Africanism + separatism

- Nation of Islam

• Urban renewal

- Destruction of communities

- Loss of jobs

- White flight

- Intensified policing

Prague Spring

• Election of Alexander Dubcek head of Czechoslovakia Communist Party

• Reforms within socialist government

- More autonomy

- More debate within party

- More freedom of press, speech, travel

• Soviets object

- Call on Warsaw Pact-500,000 troops

- Nonviolent resistance

- Victims of invasion serve as symbol

Great Leap Forward

• Small scale industry in countryside

- Steel production in communities

- Without development of industries, cities, technological skill

• Results in massive, deadly famine

Special Economic Zones (SEZs)

• Zones (initially in south) to encourage foreign investment

- Like treaty ports but Chinese controlled

• Relearning capitalism

Tiananmen Square protests of 1989/June Fourth Incident

• Student led protests

• Calling for greater openness, democracy, etc.

- Trying to expand government led reforms

• Brutal crackdown by authorities

• Symbol: showdown in Tiananmen Square

- Central entrance to old Beijing

- Hundreds of protesters killed by military

Perestroika

Economic reform program

• Away from total government control

• Private businesses allowed

- Cooperatives

• Farming de-privatized

• Foreign investment allowed

Glasnost

• "Openness"

• New cultural and intellectual freedom

• Rise of independent media

- Exposed societal problems

- Ex. homelessness, corruption etc

• Not just problems of capitalism

• Removal of bans on books, television, films

- Including religious texts

• Re-examination of Soviet history

- Particularly Stalinist era

Revolutions of 1989

• Glasnost and other reforms inspire satellite nations

• Critique of decentralized control from Russia

- Makes colonies of non-Russian areas

• Environmental exploitation and disaster

- Chernobyl explosion (1986)

• Revolutions in:

- Poland, Hungary, East Germany, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, Romania

- Overthrow of Communist regimes

Bretton Woods system

• origins of late 20th century globalization

• Conference, 1944, New Hampshire

- WWII victory in sight

- Designed to avoid financial problems of interwar period

• Formal, global economic institutions

- International Monetary Fund (IMF)

- World Bank

• Principles of system

- Free trade

- Currency values linked to U.S. dollar

- Capital investment worldwide

Neoliberalism

• Government directed toward economic growth

• Deregulation of industry

• Economic reform as agent of change, improvement

- Shift from direct aid and intervention

• Viewing the world as a single market

- Imposition from western powers

- Free markets○Low tariffs

- Temporary and mobile workforce

- Lack of economic intervention

• Aided by fall of communism

Transnational corporation (TNC)

• Simultaneous selling of goods/services in multiple countries

- Ex. Barbie

--- American design

--- Factories in Indonesia, Malaysia, China

--- Plastic, hair, from Taiwan and Japan

--- Distributed from Hong Kong

• Rival countries in economic assets, power

- Move in search of cheaper labor with impunity

The Global South

• Globalization's impacts differently felt

- Average wealth increase, but also huge increases in poverty

• The Global South

- Replacing "third world"

- Countries in southern hemisphere

--- Or less developed parts of wealthy countries

- United by adverse impacts of globalization, lower incomes, higher poverty

- Legacy of colonialism, imperialism

Globalization

• Long part of history

- Examples of globalization from history?

• Intensification in late 20th century

- Growth in scale of global contact and connection

- Increased inequality of impact

- Factors

--- International banking

--- Expanded international trade

--- Population migrations

--- Technological breakthroughs in communication

• What spreads through global exchange? How does it spread? What are its impacts?

Globalization from below

• Reaction to globalization and its perceived injustices

- Profit for first world investors

- Damage to workers, environment, etc.

- Concentration of wealth

• Discontent with the process of globalization, not necessarily its products

- Not outright rejection of capitalism

- Using global flow of ideas, goods, people to unite

--- Against 1st world domination

--- Against exploitation

--- Connecting disparate movements

Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965

• Lessened early 20th century restrictions

- Historically immigration laws discriminatory against non-Europeans

- 1965 act eliminated race, national origin as disqualifying factors

• New visa categories

NAFTA (North American Free Trade Alliance)

• Canada, Mexico, U.S.

• Elimination of tariffs between

- Concept of "free trade"

• Passes, 1993, implemented, 1994

NAFTA's impact on immigration

• Subsidized farm goods (corn) flood Mexico

- Push farmers off land

• Big American firms enter Mexico

- Undermine small businesses

• Undocumented migrants move into U.S.

- Leads to increased border security

- Changes immigration debate

Green Revolution

• Technological and and process breakthroughs

• 1950s

- Largely building on technological innovation during war

--- Ex. DDT

- Chemical fertilizers

- Herbicides, pesticides

• Higher yields

• Increasing concerns about pollution

• 1970s

- Genetically engineered crops

- 1973: first genetically modified organism

--- Gene splicing (Boyer and Cohen)

--- Gave antibiotic resistance

--- Resist fungi and other diseases

- Massively increased outputs

Gulf War

• 1990: Iraq invaded neighboring Kuwait

- Seeking to control oil fields

- Would make Iraq one of largest oil producers in world

• U.S. and allies launch Operation Desert Storm

• Iraqis expelled from Kuwait

• Return to status quo:

- Oil consumers power over producers

Environmentalism

• Origins in early anti-industrialism

- And conservation in U.S.

--- Led by writers, conservationists, concerned with preserving "wilderness"

• Scientific basis for environmentalism in 1960s

- Rachel Carson

• Rise of a global movement

- Many, often localized concerns

- Moving away from elite concerns of past

- Broad themes

--- Deep ecology/post-humanism

--- Environmental justice

- Leads to idea of "one world" thinking

Global Warming

result of the Anthropocene / social impact on environmental change