UNIT 1 REVIEW HSB4U

Define Anthropology

Anthropology is the study of human nature, human society, human past and culture

Define Psychology

The study of mind and behavior

Define Sociology

The study of how society and group of humans interact with one another

Explain the similarities and differences between anthropology, psychology, and sociology

Similarity

- Study of the human mind

- How the human brain thinks and behaves

Difference

- Anthropology focuses on culture and human evolution

- Psychology focuses on how the human brain thinks and how the human behaves

- Sociology focuses on how the society interacts with one another and how they behave

Questions asked by anthropologists

How do different cultures shape the way people live?

How have humans changed over time?

How does language connect to culture?

Questions asked by psychologist

How do our thoughts and feelings affect our behavior?

How do people learn new behaviors?

What causes mental health problems, and how can they be treated?

Questions asked by sociologist

How do different social groups influence people's behavior? How does society change over time?

What causes inequality in society, and how can it be reduced?

What do anthropologists study?

Cultures: Customs and traditions

Society: Group organizations

Languages: Communication

Physical traits: Human evolution

History: Past human life

Three major schools of thought in anthropology

Functionalism, Structuralism, Cultural Materialism

Explain functionalism

Studies social problems and how institutions address them

Explain structuralism

Studies what makes cultures different and unique. Structural anthropology aims to find the unspoken rules people follow but can't explain.

Explain cultural materialism

Cultural materialism studies how technology and economy shapes society.

Describe the difference between knowledge and intuition

Knowledge is learned information; intuition is a gut feeling or instinct without any knowledge.

What do psychologists study?

The study of how and why humans act on an individual basis. The thinking behind the human brain.

The three major schools of thought in psychology

Psychoanalysis, behaviorism, learning theory

Explain psychoanalysis

Sigmund Freud (1865-1939) - a process to uncover a patient's unconscious thoughts by encouraging them to discuss their background, feelings and experiences with a trained psychologist.

Explain behaviorism

John Watson (1878-1958) - believes that our actions are shaped by our environment. Change the environment, and behavior will change as well.

Explain the learning theory

Pavlov, Skinner, and Bandura believe behavior is mostly learned, especially in childhood.

Explain the difference between clinical psychology and experimental psychology

Clinical Psychology

- Programs and treatments specifically made for individuals who suffer from mental illnesses and disorders.

Experimental Psychology

- Study how individuals act in different situations to understand human behavior and its causes.

Describe what sociologists study

Study societies, groups, and how people interact with one another. Looks at culture , relationships, and social issues

Describe the five major schools of thought in sociology with reference to their approaches

Structural Functionalism: Looks at how all parts of society (like family, schools, and government) work together to keep things running smoothly.

Neo-Marxism: Focuses on the struggles between rich and poor people, and how this creates inequality in society.

Symbolic Interactionism: Studies how people use symbols, language, and actions to make sense of the world.

Feminist Theory: Examines how women are mistreated in society and how gender roles affect both men and women.

Inclusionism: Focuses on including everyone's perspectives, especially those from marginalized groups, to better understand society.

Explain primary and secondary groups

Primary groups

- More connected to you (ex. family members)

Secondary groups

- Not too connected with you (ex. classmates or teachers)

Freud's Iceberg Model

Conscious: Thoughts and awareness

Preconscious: Memories and thoughts easily recalled.

Unconscious: Hidden thoughts and feelings.

Freud's Three Parts of Personality

Id: Wants pleasure now! ("I want cake!") [UNCONSCIOUS]

Ego: Balances wants and reality. ("A small slice is okay.") [CONSCIOUS DECISION MAKER]

Superego: Follows rules. ("Cake is unhealthy, I won't eat it.") [UNCONSCIOUS]

What is positive and negative reinforcement?

Positive Reinforcement: Reward for good behavior (e.g., getting candy for good grades).

Negative Reinforcement: Removing something bad to encourage behavior (e.g., no homework for good class participation).

What is positive and negative punishment?

Positive Punishment: Adding something unpleasant (e.g., getting a fine for speeding).

Negative Punishment: Taking away something pleasant (e.g., losing phone privileges for bad behavior).

Pyramid of cultural materialism

Infrastructure (Base): Economy, technology, environment.

Structure (Middle): Social and political systems.

Superstructure (Top): Culture, beliefs, values.

Learning Theory & Bandura's Bobo Doll Experiment

Kids watched an adult act aggressively toward a Bobo doll. Those who saw aggression were more likely to copy it. This supports Learning Theory, which says behavior is shaped by watching and modeling others.

Examples of institutions

Schools, Government, Religion

Four Perspectives of Feminist Theory

Liberal Feminism: Equal rights and opportunities.

Radical Feminism: Patriarchy causes oppression.

Marxistinism Feminism: Capitalism creates gender inequality.

Intersectional Feminism: Oppression comes from race, class, and gender.