17 - shifting power

bolsheviks

radical socialist group led by vladimir lenin that believed in a violent revolution to overthrow capitalism and establish communism in russia

bolshevik revolution

the 1917 revolution in which the bolsheviks overthrew russias provisional government and took control, leading to the creation of a communist state

vladimir lenin

leader of the bolshevik and first head of the soviet government; establish a communist state in russia

union of soviet socialist republic

USSR - a communist nation formed in 1922 from russia and surrounding territories; lasted til 1991

Tsar Nicholas II

• last russian monarch

bloody sunday

1905 - occured when peaceful protestors were shot by soliders, sparking widespread unrest

romanovs

the ruling royal family of russia from 1613 until their execution during the russian revolution

duma

an elected legislative assembly in russia created after the 1905 revolution, though it had limited power under the tsar

new economic policy

NEP - lenins policy that allowed limited private business and trade to revive russias economy after civil war

communism

a political and economic system where property is collectively owned and class distinctions were eliminated

command economy

an economic system where the government controls production, prices, and distribution of goods

soviets

local councils of workers, soilders, and peasants that became the foundation of the soviet political power

mexcian revolution

a violent revolution during 1910-1920 that overthrew dictatorship and aimed to bring land reform and social justice

porfirio diaz

authoritarian ruler of mexico whose long dictatorship caused inequality and led to revolution

francisco madero

a reformer who challenged diaz and became president, promoting democracy before being overthrown

francisco pancho villa

a revolutionary leader in N. Mexico who supported land reform and fought government forces

emiliano zapata

a revolutionary leader who fought for land reform under the slogan “land and liberty”

victoriano huerta

military dictator who seized power by overthrowing and killing madero

larazo cardenas

mexican president who carried out major land reform and nationalized oil industry

venustiano carranza

leader of the constitutionalist who became president and helped create the 1917 mexican constitution

alvaro obregon

revolutionary general who became president and helped stabilize mexico after the revolution

ten tragic days

ten days of violence in 1913 that ended with maderos overthrow and assassination

conventionistas

revolutionary faction (villa and zapata) that wanted radical land reform

constiutionalistas

faction led by carranza that supported a constitutional government and moderate reforms

qing dynasty

the last imperial dynasty of china overthrown in 1911

sun yat sen

leader of the chinese nationalist movement and founder of the chinese republic

kuomintang

KMT - the chinese nationalist party founded by sun yat sen

chiang kai shek

leader of the kuomintang who fought the communist during the chinese civil war

may fourth movement

1919 student led protest promoting nationalism, anti-imperialism, and cultural reform

chinese communist party

CCP - the political party founded in 1921 that later established communist rule in china

mao zedong

leader of the CCP and founder of the peoples republic of china

the long march

strategic retreat by communist forces (1934-1935) that strengthened maos leadership

peoples republic of china

the communist state established in 1949 after the CCP defeated the nationalist

great leap forward

maos plan to rapidly industrialize china, which lead to famine and millions of deaths

cultural revolution

a movement led by mao to eliminate “counter revolutionary” ideas, causing chaos and persecution

red guards

radical youth groups who enforced maos ideology during the cultural revolution

mustafa kemal ataturk

founder of modern turkey who introduced secular and nationalist reforms

republic of turkey

a secular nation established in 1923 after the collapse of the ottoman empire

indian national congress

political party that led indias independence movement from british rule

mohandas gandhi

leader of indias independence movement who used nonviolent resistance

amritsar massacre

1919 event where british troops killed peaceful indian protestors, increasing calls for independence

salt march

a nonviolent protest led by gandhi against british salt taxes

civil disobedience

the practice of peacefully breaking unjust laws to force political change

muhammad ali jinnah

leader who advocated for separate muslim nation, becoming pakistans founder

muslim league

political party that represented muslim interest and pushed for the creation of pakistan