Anthropology Review: Race, Human Variation, Linguistics, and Culture

Flashcards reviewing concepts of human biological and cultural variation, racial constructs, sociolinguistics, non-human primate communication, human speech physiology, and ethnographic methods.

What is the total amount in scholarships awarded by UTC Anthropology for the current academic year, and how is it distributed across class standings?

UTC Anthropology awards $10,000$ in total scholarships, which includes three $1,500$ scholarships to Seniors, three $1,000$ scholarships to Juniors, and three $500$ scholarships to Sophomores.

Which four human categories were defined by biologist Carolus Linnaeus in $1735$?

Carolus Linnaeus defined Americanus, Europaeus, Asiaticus, and Africanus.

Which five racial categories were proposed by anthropologist Johann Blumenbach in $1795$?

Johann Blumenbach proposed Caucasian, Mongolian, Ethiopian, Malayan, and American.

What are the five official racial categories currently recognized by the US Census Bureau?

The five official categories are White, Black or African American, Asian, American Indian/Alaska Native, and Native Hawaiian or Pacific Islander.

What are the five official racial categories recognized in Brazil's continuum-based system?

The official categories in Brazil are Branco (white), Preto (black), Pardo (brown), Amarelo (yellow), and Indigena (indigenous).

How do genotypes and phenotypes differ in human variation?

Genotypes are the characteristics expressed in an individual's genetic makeup, whereas phenotypes are the physical expressions of genes, whether visible (such as brown hair) or invisible (such as blood type).

What did geneticist Richard Lewontin discover in $1972$ regarding genetic variation among human groups?

Analyzing genetic variation across $17$ genetic markers, Lewontin found that $85\%$ of human genetic variation exists within a given group, while only $8.3\%$ exists between different groups.

How do anthropologists define race?

Anthropologists define race as a flawed system of classification with no biological basis that divides humans into supposedly discrete categories.

How do the Out of Africa model and the Isolation by Distance model explain human variation?

The Out of Africa model states that modern humans evolved first in Africa before migrating to Asia, Europe, Oceania, and the Americas; the Isolation by Distance model states that genetic similarity between groups decreases as geographic distance increases.

What is the difference between a phoneme and a morpheme in linguistics?

A phoneme is the minimal unit of sound that makes a difference in meaning (e.g., Cat vs. Bat), whereas a morpheme is the smallest unit of language that carries meaning (e.g., decided vs. undecided).

How are syntax and semantics defined in structural linguistics?

Syntax refers to the rules governing how language and words are ordered in sentences, whereas semantics is the study of meaning in a language.

What is code-switching in sociolinguistics?

Code-switching is the practice of using or alternating between more than one dialect or language while speaking, such as using "Spanglish" or switching between African American Vernacular English (AAVE) and Standard English.

What is the main premise of the Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis?

The Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis (linguistic relativity) states that an individual's perception and understanding of the world are conditioned, in part, by language, meaning language creates different ways of thinking.

Who published the first printed emoticon in $1881$, and who proposed using ":-)" and ":-(" in $1982$?

Joseph Keppler published the first printed emoticons in $1881$, and Scott E. Fahlman proposed ":-)" as a joke marker and ":-(" for non-jokes in $1982$.

According to Neil Cohn, Jan Engelen, and Joost Schilperoord ($2019$), what are the three types of emoji grammars?

The three types are One-unit grammars (standalone emojis with no sequential properties), Linear grammars (emojis juxtaposed with no internal phrase structure), and Categorical grammars (emojis playing specific grammatical roles like subject, verb, or object).

What activities and requirements are specified for the 8th Annual Paleoskills Workshop at UTC?

Held on Saturday, November 2, from 11-2 at Chamberlain Field, this experimental archaeology event includes instruction in using atlatls and slings, demonstrations on flint knapping and friction fire, and requires students to wear durable shoes, bring water, sign an injury waiver, and undergo archery range safety instruction.

Which researchers taught communication systems to Chantek the orangutan, Kanzi the bonobo, and Koko the gorilla?

UTC Professor Dr. Lyn Miles taught sign language to Chantek the orangutan, Dr. Sue Savage-Rumbaugh taught lexigrams to Kanzi the bonobo, and Dr. Penny Patterson taught sign language to Koko the gorilla.

Which physiological adaptations in human evolutionary history enabled complex speech production?

Bipedality changed the orientation of the skull and spine, lowering and lengthening the pharynx (throat cavity) to allow more variable speech sounds, while a rounded tongue and hard palate permitted a wider variety of articulated sounds.

What are the specific brain functions associated with Broca's Area and Wernicke's Area?

Broca's Area is responsible for speech production, whereas Wernicke's Area is responsible for speech comprehension.

How do cultural interpretations of the "thumbs up" and "downwards palm wave" gestures vary globally?

The "thumbs up" means approval in Australia, the USA, UK, Canada, and Russia, but is seen as "up yours" in Latin America, West Africa, Iran, Iraq, and Afghanistan. The "downwards palm wave" means "go away" in Australia, the USA, UK, and Canada, but means "come here!" in the Philippines, Vietnam, India, and Ghana.

Who created the ethnographic film "A Man Called Bee"?

"A Man Called Bee" is a film created by Napoleon Chagnon and Timothy Asch.

In Horace Miner's "Body Ritual Among the Nacirema," what analytical perspective is applied to describe American culture?

Horace Miner uses an etic (outsider) perspective to describe daily American hygiene practices in exoticized terms, concluding that they are a "magic-ridden people."