damage and defects

Brinelling

—occurrence of shallow, spherical depressions in a surface, usually produced by a part having a small radius in contact with the surface under high load.

Burnishing

—polishing of one surface by sliding contact with a smooth, harder surface. Usually there is no displacement or removal of metal.

Burr

—a small, thin section of metal extending beyond a regular surface, usually located at a corner or on the edge of a hole

Corrosion

—loss of metal from the surface by chemical or electrochemical action and are easily removed by mechanical means.

Crack

—a physical separation of two adjacent portions of metal, evidenced by a fine or thin line across the surface caused by excessive stress at that point.

Cut

—loss of metal, usually to an appreciable depth over a relatively long and narrow area, by mechanical means, as would occur with the use of a saw blade, chisel, or sharp-edged stone striking a glancing blow.

Dent

—indentation in a metal surface produced by an object striking with force.

Gouge

—groove in, or breakdown of, a metal surface from contact with foreign material under heavy pressure

Inclusion

—presence of foreign or extraneous material wholly within a portion of metal introduced during the manufacture of rod, bar or tubing by rolling or forging.

Nick

—local break or notch on an edge. Usually it involves the displacement of metal rather than loss.

Pitting

—sharp, localized breakdown (small, deep cavity) of metal surface, usually with defined edges.

Scratch

—slight tear or break in metal surface from light, momentary contact by foreign material

Score

—deeper (than scratch) tear or break in metal surface from contact under pressure. May show discoloration from temperature produced by friction.

Stain

—a change in color, locally causing a noticeably different appearance from the surrounding area.

Upsetting

—a displacement of material beyond the normal contour or surface (a local bulge or bump). Usually it indicates no metal loss.