the chemical foundation of life

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Atom

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Smallest unit of matter that retains all of the element's chemical properties.

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Nucleus

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Center of the atom that contains protons and neutrons.

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43 Terms

1

Atom

Smallest unit of matter that retains all of the element's chemical properties.

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2

Nucleus

Center of the atom that contains protons and neutrons.

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3

Proton

Positively charged particle in the nucleus of an atom.

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4

Neutron

Uncharged particle in the nucleus of an atom.

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5

Electron

Negatively charged particle that orbits the nucleus.

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6

Atomic Number

Number of protons in an atom.

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7

Mass Number

Total number of protons and neutrons in an atom.

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8

Atomic Mass

Calculated mean of the mass number for naturally occurring isotopes.

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9

Isotopes

Different forms of an element with the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons.

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10

Radioisotopes

Isotopes that emit particles and attain a more stable atomic configuration.

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11

Periodic Table

Organizes and displays different elements.

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12

Chemical Reactivity

Ability of elements to combine and chemically bond with each other.

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13

Molecules

Two or more atoms chemically bonded together.

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14

Orbitals

Regions where electrons are located in the atom.

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15

Octet Rule

Principle stating that 8 electrons are needed in the valence shell for stability.

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16

Valence Shell

Outermost electron shell of an atom.

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17

Inert/Noble Gases

Atoms with fully filled outer electron shells.

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18

Cations

Positive ions formed by the loss of electrons.

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19

Anion

Negatively charged ions formed by the gain of electrons.

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20

Electron Transfer

Movement of electrons from one element to another.

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21

Ionic Bonds

Bonds formed between ions with opposite charges.

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22

Covalent Bonds

Bonds formed by sharing electrons between atoms.

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23

Polar Covalent Bonds

Bonds where electrons are unequally shared, favoring the positively charged nucleus.

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24

Electronegativity

Measure of the attraction of an atom for electrons.

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25

Non-Polar Covalent Bonds

Bonds formed between atoms that share electrons equally.

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26

Hydrogen Bonds

Weak bonds that form between water molecules.

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27

Van der Waals Interactions

Weak attractions or interactions between molecules.

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28

Water Polarity

Water is composed of polar molecules with hydrogen bonds between hydrogen and oxygen.

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29

Hydrophilic

Substances that are water-loving.

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30

Hydrophobic

Substances that are water-hating.

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31

Water States

Water can exist in liquid, gas, and solid states.

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32

Low Density

Ice is less dense than liquid water.

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33

Water High Heat Capacity

Water has the highest specific heat capacity of any liquid.

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34

Specific Heat Capacity

Amount of heat required to change the temperature of one gram of a substance by 1 degree Celsius.

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35

Heat of Vaporization

Amount of energy required to change one gram of a liquid to a gas.

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36

Evaporation

Process of changing from liquid to gas.

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37

Solvent

Substance capable of dissolving other polar molecules and ionic compounds.

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38

Sphere of Hydration

Formation of a shell of water molecules around ions.

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39

Dissociation

Process where atoms or groups of atoms break off from molecules and form ions.

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40

Cohesion

Attraction between water molecules that allows for surface tension.

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41

Surface Tension

Capacity of a substance to withstand rupture when placed under tension or stress.

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42

Adhesion

Attraction between water molecules and other molecules.

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43

Capillary Action

Movement of water through a narrow space due to cohesive and adhesive forces.

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