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Atom
Smallest unit of matter that retains all of the element's chemical properties.
Nucleus
Center of the atom that contains protons and neutrons.
Proton
Positively charged particle in the nucleus of an atom.
Neutron
Uncharged particle in the nucleus of an atom.
Electron
Negatively charged particle that orbits the nucleus.
Atomic Number
Number of protons in an atom.
Mass Number
Total number of protons and neutrons in an atom.
Atomic Mass
Calculated mean of the mass number for naturally occurring isotopes.
Isotopes
Different forms of an element with the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons.
Radioisotopes
Isotopes that emit particles and attain a more stable atomic configuration.
Periodic Table
Organizes and displays different elements.
Chemical Reactivity
Ability of elements to combine and chemically bond with each other.
Molecules
Two or more atoms chemically bonded together.
Orbitals
Regions where electrons are located in the atom.
Octet Rule
Principle stating that 8 electrons are needed in the valence shell for stability.
Valence Shell
Outermost electron shell of an atom.
Inert/Noble Gases
Atoms with fully filled outer electron shells.
Cations
Positive ions formed by the loss of electrons.
Anion
Negatively charged ions formed by the gain of electrons.
Electron Transfer
Movement of electrons from one element to another.
Ionic Bonds
Bonds formed between ions with opposite charges.
Covalent Bonds
Bonds formed by sharing electrons between atoms.
Polar Covalent Bonds
Bonds where electrons are unequally shared, favoring the positively charged nucleus.
Electronegativity
Measure of the attraction of an atom for electrons.
Non-Polar Covalent Bonds
Bonds formed between atoms that share electrons equally.
Hydrogen Bonds
Weak bonds that form between water molecules.
Van der Waals Interactions
Weak attractions or interactions between molecules.
Water Polarity
Water is composed of polar molecules with hydrogen bonds between hydrogen and oxygen.
Hydrophilic
Substances that are water-loving.
Hydrophobic
Substances that are water-hating.
Water States
Water can exist in liquid, gas, and solid states.
Low Density
Ice is less dense than liquid water.
Water High Heat Capacity
Water has the highest specific heat capacity of any liquid.
Specific Heat Capacity
Amount of heat required to change the temperature of one gram of a substance by 1 degree Celsius.
Heat of Vaporization
Amount of energy required to change one gram of a liquid to a gas.
Evaporation
Process of changing from liquid to gas.
Solvent
Substance capable of dissolving other polar molecules and ionic compounds.
Sphere of Hydration
Formation of a shell of water molecules around ions.
Dissociation
Process where atoms or groups of atoms break off from molecules and form ions.
Cohesion
Attraction between water molecules that allows for surface tension.
Surface Tension
Capacity of a substance to withstand rupture when placed under tension or stress.
Adhesion
Attraction between water molecules and other molecules.
Capillary Action
Movement of water through a narrow space due to cohesive and adhesive forces.